SB    2fi    207 


LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


***5v 

or  THF    "    A 
UNIVERSITY   J 

OF  J 

ron&r 


PLATE   II 


REPRESENTATIVES    OF   THE    PRINCIPAL    CALIFORNIA    FAMILIES    OF    COCCIDAE 


PLATE   II. 
REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CALIFORNIA  FAMILIES  OF  COCCID^E. 

1.  Mealy-bug  (Pseudococcus  aurilanatus) ,  enlarged, 
la.  Same,  natural  size,  on  coleus. 

2.  Mealy-bug  (Pseudococcus  longispinus),  enlarged. 
2a.  Same,  natural  size,  on  coleus. 

3.  Orthezia  insignis,  enlarged.       Different  ^ 
3a.  Same,  natural  size,  on  coleus. 

4.  Black  scale  (Saissetia  olese),  female,  enlarged. 
4a.  Same,  natural  size,  on  orange. 

5.  Yellow  scale  (Chrysomphalus  aurantii  citrinus),  ventral  aspect 

of  female,  greatly  enlarged. 

5a.  Same,  slightly  reduced,  on  orange  leaf. 

6.  Red  scale  (Chrysomphalus  aurantii),  ventral  aspect  of  female, 

greatly  enlarged. 

6a.  Same,  slightly  reduced,  on  orange  leaf. 

7.  Purple   scale   (Lepidosaphes  beckii),  ventral   aspect  of  female, 

greatly  enlarged. 

la.  Same,  slightly  reduced,  on  orange  leaf. 

8.  Cottony-cushion  scale  (leery a  purchasi),  ventral  aspect  of  fe- 

male, greatly  enlarged. 

8a.  Same,  on  orange  twig,  somewhat  reduced, 


STATE  HORTICULTURAL  COMMISSION 

ELLWOOD  COOPER,  Commissioner 


THE  COCCIDAE  OF  CALIFORNIA 


A  Descriptive  List  of  the  Different  5cale  Insects 
Found  in  and  Reported  from  California 


BY 

LDWARD  K.  CARNL5 


,     or  THE- 
UHIVEF  4 

.cir  ifo^ 


W.  W.  SHANNON 


SACRAMLNTO 

-       -       -       SUPERINTENDENT  STATE  PRINTING 
1906 


CALIFORNIA  5TATL  COMMISSION  OF  HORTICULTURE,. 


ELLWOOD  COOPER Commissioner Santa  Barbara 

JOHN  ISAAC Secretary San  Francisco 

ED.  M.  EHRHORN Deputy __ Mountain  View 

E.  K.  CARNES .Assistant Riverside 

O.  E.  BREMNER    Assistant Santa  Rosa 

CHAS.  T.  PAINE ^...Assistant . Redlands 

FREDRICK  K.  MASKEW Assistant Long  Beach 

GERTRUDE  BIRD Stenographer Sacramento 


OFFICE: 

ROOM  41,  STATE  CAPITOL,  SACRAMENTO. 
BRANCH  OFFICE,  ROOM  11,  FERRY  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


THE  COCCIDAE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

BY  EDWARD   K.  CARNES. 


About  sixteen  years  ago  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture  published  a 
list  of  the  Coccidse  (scale  insects)  of  California,  giving  some  twenty 
species  found  in  the  State.  At  that  time  comparatively  little  was 
known,  by  the  residents  of  the  State,  about  scale  bugs  or  the  amount  of 
injury  that  could  be  caused  by  them;  yet,  to-day,  there  is  no  other 
single  family  of  insects  that  is  as  important  to  the  horticulturists  of  the 
world  as  are  these  minute  creatures,  and  we  can  not  know  too  much 
about  them. 

As  a  group  they  are  very  unattractive  to  the  average  entomologist, 
and  even  more  so  to  the  average  horticulturist,  yet  a  knowledge  of  the 
species  and  the  best  known  methods  of  combating  their  attacks  is  a 
very  essential  part  of  the  education  of  every  successful  fruit-grower. 
Fruit-growing  is  a  competitive  business,  and  the  successful  grower  must 
avail  himself  of  every  opportunity  to  gain  knowledge  that  will  be  of 
assistance  to  him  in  his  business;  therefore,  it  has  been  deemed  advis- 
able to  bring  before  his  notice  the  following  list  of  species  occurring  in 
California,  with  illustrations  and  short  descriptions  of  the  more  impor- 
tant varieties,  in  order  to  enable  the  grower  to  recognize  and  distinguish 
between  the  destructive  species  and  those  that  ara  not  so  destructive. 
Since  the  first  list  was  published,  and  especially  during  the  last  lew 
years,  there  has  been  a  very  active  period  among  the  growers,  orchard- 
ists,  nurserymen,  and  those  having  greenhouse  interests,  to  gain  a  knowl- 
edge of  "scale  insects."  This  activity  has  not  been  prompted  by  a  love 
of  the  study  of  this  particular  branch  of  entomology,  but  purely  as  a 
business  proposition,  for  these  seemingly  insignificant  insects  are  capa- 
ble of  causing  an  enormous  loss  to  the  orchard,  vineyard,  nursery,  or 
field  in  which  they  have  gained  a  foothold.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  each  scale  insect,  after  it  has  settled  on  the  trunk,  branch,  or  leaf 
of  its  particular  host  plant,  virtually  turns  itself  into  an  automatic 
pump  and  extracts  the  sap  which  is  so  vital  to  the  life  and  growth  of 
the  tree.  Usually  the  damage  is  done  before  the  infestation  is  discov- 
ered, as  many  of  our  growers  are  absolutely  without  the  slightest 
knowledge  of  scale  insects.  A  tree,  plant,  or  shrub  will  put  forth  every 
effort  to  sustain  itself  against  the  attack  of  the  insect  and  will  not  show 
any  immediate  damage  from  the  insects  at  work  upon  it,  but  even  the 
strongest  tree  must  ultimately  yield  to  the  persistent  pumping  of  its  life 
sap  by  the  enormous  number  engaged  in  the  work,  and  will  suddenly 

153949 


4  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

collapse  and  die.  This  damage  and  loss  might  easily  be  overcome  had 
the  grower  possessed  a  slight  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  work  of  scale 
insects,  for  remedial  measures  could  have  been  applied  at  the  first  notice 
of  their  presence  and  their  ravages  stayed.  It  is  partly  with  the  idea 
of  presenting  this  knowledge  to  the  grower  that  the  writer  has  deemed 
it  advisable  to  publish  the  following  list  of  132  species  which  have  been 
reported  from  this  State,  but  of  which  list  only  114  are  actually  found 
here.  This  list,  with  the  illustrations  and  descriptions,  it  is  hoped  will 
enable  the  grower  to  recognize  the  destructive  species  and,  with  this 
knowledge  at  hand,  avoid  the  danger  and  loss  which  their  presence, 
unmolested,  would  eventually  cause. 

By  personally  collecting  over  the  State,  and  with  the  kindly  assist- 
ance of  many  residents  of  the  State  who  are  interested  in  the  study  of 
Coccidse,  and  who  have  sent  many  specimens  from  various  localities, 
the  writer  has  been  able  to  bring  together  the  present  authentic  list. 

The  nomenclature  of  the  "  Coccidse  of  the  World,"  by  Mrs.  Fernald, 
has  been  followed  in  connection  with  the  classification  of  the  species. 
In  this  valuable  work  on  Coccidse,  California  has  been  credited  as  the 
habitat  of  several  very  destructive  species  which,  in  fact,  are  not  to  be 
found  in  the  State,  having  been  reported  from  quarantine  only;  other 
species  are  found  only  in  greenhouses;  and  still  others,  the  presence  of 
which  I  have  personally  investigated,  are  to  be  found  in  California 
which  are  not  given  in  the  catalogue  mentioned;  these  latter  species  I 
have  added  to  the  list  of  California  Coccidse.  Undoubtedly  additional 
species  could  be  added  to  the  list  by  closer  investigation  and  collecting, 
as  several  new  species  are  being  prepared  for  publication,  but  which  I 
am  sorry  to  say  will  not  be  completed  in  time  for  this  report.  Addi- 
tional species  will  be  added  to  the  list  from  year  to  year  as  they  are 
discovered  or  described.  The  writer  has  only  included  the  species 
known  to  exist  in  California  at  the  present  time. 

For  the  descriptions  and  classification  of  the  species  mentioned  the 
writer  has  freely  consulted  most  of  the  leading  entomological  works  on 
the  subject  of  Coccidse,  and  wishes  to  acknowledge  the  aid  received 
from  the  efforts  of  the  many  able  writers  who  have  contributed  to  this 
subject;  also,  takes  this  opportunity  to  thank  all  those  persons  who 
have  assisted  in  the  work  and  made  it  possible  to  compile  the  present 
list. 

While  the  primary  object  of  this  paper  is  to  serve  as  a  list  for  the 
benefit  of  fruit-growers,  at  the  same  time  it  is  hoped  that  it  may  be 
useful  to  those  students  of  Coccidse  who  are  making  a  study  of  the  Cali- 
fornia forms.  The  scientific  descriptions  may  not  be  of  much  benefit 
to  the  former  class,  yet  they  are  indispensable  to  the  latter  in  deter- 
mining species,  and  have  been  added  to  encourage  the  study  of  this 
most  important  family.  At  the  same  time,  the  writer  has  endeavored 


THE    COCCIDAE    OF    CALIFORNIA.  5 

to  make  the  descriptions  as  plain  as  possible  so  that  the  average  person 
can  determine  the  different  species  with  some  degree  of  accuracy. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  when  viewing  one  of  the  Diaspinse 
externally,  we  are  not  looking  at  the  real  ingect,  but  by  carefully  lift- 
ing up  the  shell-like  covering  the  real  culprit  will  be  discovered  under- 
neath, as  this  covering  only  serves  as  a  protection  for  the  insect  itself. 
Under  the  shell,  the  scale-bug  appears  as  a  legless,  wingless,  and  almost 
shapeless  form.  For  close  study,  by  advanced  students,  it  is  removed 
from  under  the  scale  which  covers  it,  and  boiled  in  a  solution  of  potash 
until  colorless;  it  is  then  placed  for  about  two  hours  in  a  water  bath, 
and  then  mounted  on  a  glass  slide  in  glycerine  jelly.  The  specimen  is 
now  ready  for  classification,  and  with  the  aid  of  a  good  compound 
microscope  the  distinguishing  features  can  be  easily  recognized. 

The  descriptions  of  the  more  important  species  have  been  given,  also 
reference  has  been  made  to  others  where  the  descriptions  were 
not  available.  Illustrations  of  many  of  the  species  have  also  been 
added.  Because  of  the  fact  that  the  amount  of  space  which  has  been 
allotted  to  this  paper  is  limited,  the  author  has  not  been  able  to  make 
it  as  complete  as  the  importance  of  the  subject  demands;  however,  it  is 
hoped  that  it  will  serve  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended. 

COCCIDAE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

(Scale  Insects  and  Mealy-Bugs.) 

\. 

Order  HEMIPTERA.     Family  COCCIDjE. 

The  following  list  of  132  species  has  been  recorded,  in  the  entomo- 
logical literature  of  the  world,  as  occurring  in  California.  Those  species 
included  in  this  list  designated  by  an  asterisk  (*)  have  been  reported 
from  quarantine  and  are  not  established  in  this  State: 

Subfamily  MONOPHLEBINjE. 
SPECIES.  HOST  PLANT. 

Icerya  purchasi  crawii  Ckll Orange,  Lemon,  Grape-fruit,  Acacia, 

Pittosporum,     Laburnum,    Broom, 
Rose. 
Icerya  purchasi  maskelli  Ckll Food  plants,  same  as  above. 

Subfamily  MARGARODINJE. 
Xylococcus  quercus  Ehrh. Quercus  chrysolepis. 

Subfamily  ORTHEZIIN^). 

Orthezia  insignis  Dougl. Coleus,  Verbena,  Chrysanthemum, 

Citrus,  Tomato,   Strawberry.     (In 
greenhouse.) 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

Subfamily  DACTYLOPIIN^l. 

SPECIES.  HOST  PLANT. 

Asterolecanium  quercicola  Bouche__Oak. 

Lecaniodiaspis  rufescens  Ckll Adenostoma  oblongifolia. 

Cerococcus  ehrhorni  Ckll. Live  Oak. 

Cerococcus  quercus  Corns. Oak. 

Pollinia  pollini  Costa Olive. 

Kermes  austini  Ehrh. _ .  Quercus  oblongifolius. 

Kermes  cockerelli  Ehrh Quercus  lobata. 

Kermes  galliformis  Riley Oak. 

Kermes  nigropunctatus  Ehrh.,  Ckll.  _  Oak. 

Gossyparia  spuria  Modeer Elm. 

Eriococcus  adenostomas  Ehrh Adenostoma  fasciculatum. 

Eriococcus  araucaria  Mask. Araucaria  excelsa,  A.  bidwillii. 

Eriococcus  artemisias  Kuw. Artemisia. 

Eriococcus  palmefi  var.  A.  Ckll Eriogonum  fasciculatum. 

Dactylopius  coccus  Costa. Cactus  sp. 

Sphserococcus  disticlium  Kuw Distichlis  maritima. 

Phenacoccus  artemisias  Ehrh Artemisia  californica. 

Phenacoccus  simplex  King.  _  _ Atriplex. 

Phenacoccus  stachyos  Ehrh.  . Stachyos  bullata. 

Phenacoccus  kuwanas  Col Lichen  on  Picea  breweriana. 

Ceroputo  bahias  Ehrh Bahia. 

Ceroputo  yuccas  Coq. Yucca  sp. 

Ceroputo  yuccas  ceanothi  Ckll. Ceanothus  oliganthus. 

Pseudococcus  aurilanatus  Mask Araucaria  bidwillii. 

Pseudococcus  azaleas  Tins Azalea.     (In  Japanese  nursery.) 

Pseudococcus  calceolarias  Mask. New  Zealand  Flax.  [etc. 

Pseudococcus  citri  Risso Orange,  Lemon,  Ivy,Coleus,  Croton, 

Pseudococcus  crawii  Coq Sagebrush. 

Pseudococcus  ephedras  Coq. Ephedra  californica. 

*  Pseudococcus  iceryoides  Mask. Fagus  fusca. 

Pseudococcus  longispinus  Targ. Fern,  Croton,  Cycas  revoluta,  and 

many  other  plants. 
Pseudococcus  maritimus  Ehrh...  ...Eriogonum  latifolium. 

Pseudococcus  pseudonipse  Ckll Cocoanut  Palm.     (In  greenhouse.) 

Pseudococcus  quercus  .Ehrh. Quercus  chrysolepis. 

Pseudococcus  ryani  Coq. Cupressus  macrocarpa. 

Pseudococcus  saiinus  Ckll Grass. 

Pseudococcus  sequoias  Col Redwood.  [decurrens. 

Pseudococcus  andersoni  Col. Cupressus    goveniana,    Libocedrus 

Pseudococcus  dudleyi  Col. Cupressus  macnabiana. 

Erium  eriogoni  Ehrh. Roots  of  Eriogonum. 

Ripersiella  kelloggi  Ehrh.,  Ckll Roots  of  Bunch-grass. 


THE    COCCIDAE    OF    CALIFORNIA.  7 

SPECIES.  HOST  PLANT. 

Ripersin,  festucse  Kuw Festuca  scabrella. 

Ripersia  villosa  Ehrh Quercus  agrifolia. 

Antonina  crawi  Ckll Bamboo. 

Subfamily  COCCIN^E. 

Pulvinaria  bigelovise  Ckll. Bigelovia. 

Pulvinaria  camelicola  Sign Camellia.     (In  greenhouse.) 

Pulvinaria  ehrhorni  King _ .  Willow,  Alder. 

Pulvinaria  innumerabilis  Rathv Apple,  Pear,  Grape,  Willow,  etc. 

Pulvinaria  psidii  Mask. Fern,  Pittosporum.   (In  gr'nhouse.) 

Pulvinaria  rhois  Ehrh. Rhois  diversiloba.  [turn. 

Exxretopus  caricis  Ehrh. __Carex  breweri,  Trisetum  subspica- 

Ceroplastes  ceriferus  Anderson Camellia.     (In  greenhouse.) 

Ceroplastes  cistudiformis  Town, 

Ckll. Pepper-tree. 

Ceroplastes  cirripediformis  Comst.  _  _  Pepper-tree. 
* Ceroplastes  floridensis  Comst Citrus,  Mango,  Anthurium. 

Ceroplastes  irregularis  Ckll. Atriplex  sp. 

Vinsonia  stellifera  West Orchids,    Ferns,  Cocoanut   Palms. 

(Orchid  in  greenhouse.) 

Eucalymanatus  perforatus  News Kentia  Palms.     (In  greenhouse.) 

Coccus  hesperidum  Linn Orange,   Lemon,    Grape-fruit,   Ole- 
ander, Ivy,  Maple,  Laurel,  etc. 

Coccus  ventralis  Ehrh __. Tuberous    plants.      (In    Japanese 

Nursery.) 

Eulecanium  adenostomas  Kuw. Adenostoma  fasciculatum. 

Eulecanium  armeniacum  Craw. Apricot,  Peach,  Plum,  Pear,  Prune, 

Cherry,  Grape,  etc. 

Eulecanium  cerasorum  Ckll English  Walnut,  Pear. 

Eulecanium  crawii  Ehrh. Acer  macrophyllum. 

Eulecanium  magnoliarum  Ckll. Virginia  Creeper,  Grape. 

Eulecanium  pruinosum  Coq Prune,  Apricot,  Peach,  Plum,  Haw- 

Eulecanium  pubescens  Ehrh. . Oak.  [thorn,  Rose,  Apple. 

Eulecanium  quercitronis  kermoides 
Tyr. Oak. 

Eulecanium  tulipiferas  Cook Cherry. 

Saissetia  filicum  Bdv. Ferns. 

Saissetia  hemisphaerica  Targ. Orange,  Cycas  revoluta,  Ferns. 

Saissetia    hemisphaerica    hibernacu- 

lorum  Bdv. Ferns,  and  various  hothouse  plants. 

Saissetia  nigra  Nietn. Palms.     (In  greenhouse.) 


8  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

SPECIES.  HOST  PLANT. 

Saissetia  oleae  Bern.. Olive,  Orange,  Lemon,  Grape-fruit, 

Peach,  Prune,  Plum,  Apricot,  Apple, 
Pear,  Pomegranate,  Oleander,  Rose, 
Pittosporum,  and  many  other  plants 
and  shrubs. 

Physokermes  insignicola  Craw Pinus  insignis. 

Physokermes  concolor  Col.  .  _ Abies  concolor. 

Physokermes  taxifolias  Col. Pseudotsuga  taxifolia. 

Aclerda  calif ornica  Ehrh. Andropogon  furcatus. 

Aclerda  tokionis  Ckll. Bamboo. 

Subfamily  DIASPIN^E. 
*Chionaspis  citri  Comst .  Orange. 

*  Chionaspis  difficilis  Ckll. Elseagnus. 

Chionaspis  ortholobis  Comst. Willow. 

Chionaspis  pinifolise  Fitch Pine  and  other  coniferous  trees. 

Chionaspis  quercus  Comst. Oak. 

Chionaspis  salicis-nigrse  Walsh Willow,  Ceanothus. 

*  Chionaspis  wistarise  Cooley Wistaria.     (From  Japan.) 

*Howardia  biclavis  Comst Orange. 

Diaspis  bromelise  Kuw. Pineapple. 

Diaspis  carueli  Targ Juniper,  Cupressus. 

Diaspis  cattleyse  Ckll. Cattleya. 

*Aulacaspis  crawii  Ckll Elseagnus  umbellata. 

*Aulacaspis  pentagona  Targ. '.  _  Flowering  Peach,  Plum,  Sago-palm. 

*Aulacaspis  pentagona  auranticolor  [Japan.) 

Ckll. Osmanthus      illicifolia.        (From 

Aulacaspis  rosse  Bouche Rose,  Blackberry,  Raspberry.     (In- 
festing the  canes.) 

*Phenacaspis  aucubse  Cooley Aucuba.     (From  Japan.) 

*Phenacaspis  chinensis  Ckll. Quercus.     (From  China.) 

*Phenacaspis  cockerelli  Cooley Palm.     (From  China).       [Japan.) 

*Phenacaspis  latissima  Ckll. Distylium    racemosum.        (From 

Hemichionaspis  aspidistras  Sign. Aspidistar  lurida.  [Japan.) 

*Leucaspis  j'aponica  Ckll Broom,    Maple,    Peonia.       (From 

Leucaspis  cupressi  Col. Cupressus  goveniana.  [nifica. 

Leucaspis  kelloggi  Col. Pseudotsuga  taxifolia,  Abies  mag- 

Fiorinia  fiorinide  Targ. 1 Cocoanut-palm,    Camellia,    Ferns, 

Ficus  sp. 

Epidiaspis  piricola  Del  Guer. Pear,  Plum,  Apple,  Peach. 

Aspidiotus  sesculi  Johns ^Esculus  calif  ornica. 

Aspidiotus  hederse  Vail. Oleander,  Ivy,  Lemon,  Asparagus, 

Fern,  Cycas  revoluta,  Palms, 
Orchids,  Camellia. 


THE    COCCIDAE   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

SPECIES.  HOST  PLANT. 

Aspidiotus  juglans-regise  Comst. English  walnut. 

*  Aspidiotus  ostredsformis  Curt. Pear,  Apple. 

*  Aspidiotus  perniciosus  Comst. Apple,  Pear,  Peach,  Quince,  Apri- 

cot,  Plum,  Hawthorn,   Rose,  Cur- 
rant, Raspberry,  etc. 

*  Aspidiotus    perniciosus   albopuncta- 

tus  Ckll -. Orange,  Plum.     (From  Japan. ) 

Aspidiotus  rapax  Comst Willow,  Holly,  Ivy,  Acacia,  Orange, 

Pittosporum,      Camellia,      Palms, 
Ferns,  etc. 

Aspidiotus  californicus  Col. Pinus  sabiniana,  P.  ponderosa,  P. 

lambertiana,  P.  attenuata. 
Aspidiotus  coniferarum  shastse  Col. -Cupressus  macnabiana. 

Aspidiotus  ehrhorni  Col. Under  lichens  on  Abies  concolor, 

Libocedrus  decurrens. 

Aspidiotus  florencide  Col Pinus  ponderosa. 

Pseudaonidia  duplex  Ckll. _  Camellia.     (In  Japanese  nursery.) 

* Pseudaonidia  pasonia  Ckll Peony.     (From  Japan/) 

Chrysomphalus  aonidum  Linn. Palms.     (In  greenhouse.) 

Chrysomphalus  aurantii  Mask. Orange,  Lemon,  Grape-fruit,  Rose, 

Cycas     revoluta,    and    species    of 
Palms. 
Chrysomphalus    aurantii     citrinus 

Coq Orange,  Oleander,  Palms. 

Chrysomphalus tenebricnsus  Comst. .  .Maple,  Apple. 

Targionia  bigelovise  Ckll. Bigelovia  brachylepis. 

*0donaspis  bambusarum  Ckll Bamboo.     (From  Japan.) 

Lepidosaphes  beckii  Newm Orange,  Lemon,  Grape-fruit,  Palms. 

Lepidosaphes  crawii  Ckll. Quercus  cuspidatus. 

Lepidosaphes  gloverii  Pack. Orange. 

Lepidosaphes  ulmi  Linn Apple,  Pear,  Plum,  Willow. 

Parlatoria  pergaudii  Comst Orange. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  SPECIES,  WITH  NOTES. 

Accompanying  the  descriptions  of  the  more  important  species  in  the 
following  pages  will  be  found  a  number  of  illustrations,  which  will  give 
the  reader  a  fair  idea  of  the  general  appearance  of  the  different  forms 
of  scale  insects,  as  well  as  a  colored  plate  showing  members  of  each  of 
the  principal  subfamilies  represented  in  California. 

For  the  convenience  of  the  County  Horticultural  Commissioners  and 
Inspectors,  as  well  as  of  others  interested  in  this  study,  a  number  of 
plates  have  been  added,  showing  original  drawings  of  the  last  abdom- 
2-c 


10  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

inal  segments  of  many  of  our  more  important  species.  In  the  study 
of  scale  insects,  especially  those  members  of  the  subfamily  Diaspinse, 
in  order  to  make  final  determination  of  the  species  the  first  requisite  is  a 
good  microscope.  The  last  abdominal  segment  of  the  adult  female 
presents  peculiar  organs,  designated  by  distinct  names.  These  terms 
must  be  recognized  by  their  various  names  in  order  to  accurately  deter- 
mine any  given  species  from  the  technical  description.  A  glossary  of 
the  scientific  terms  used  in  the  descriptions  of  the  Coccidse  is  presented 
herewith.  On  Plate  III  will  be  found  an  illustration  of  the  last 
abdominal  segment  of  an'  adult  female  Diaspinse,  showing  the  form 
and  position  of  the  terms  used.  By  careful  study  of  this  figure,  aided 
by  the  glossary,  the  technical  descriptions  will  lose  their  mystification 
to  the  beginner,  and  after  a  little  practice  any  intelligent  person,  aided 
by  the  microscope,  will  be  able  to  identify  species  with  some  degree  of 
accuracy. 

When  the  determination  of  a  scale  insect  is  wanted,  first  observe  the 
name  of  the  host  plant  upon  which  it  is  found,  then  turn  to  the  list  of 
species  and  note  what  scales  are  found  upon  that  particular  plant  in 
California.  In  case  there  are  several  species,  note  the  general  descrip- 
tion of  the  scale  in  hand  and  compare  it  with  the  illustrations,  and,  in 
many  cases,  the  determination  may  be  made  from  this  alone.  If  this 
is  not  sufficient,  read  the  description  of  the  female,  and  in  this  case  the 
final  determination  calls  for  the  use  of  the  microscope.  By  following 
the  description  and  referring  to  Plate  III  the  various  organs  used 
in  the  determination  of  the  species  will  be  seen  and  made  clear.  The 
descriptions  have  been  systematically  arranged  according  to  subfamily 
and  genus. 

GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  DESCRIPTIONS. 

Abdomen.    All  the  hinder  part  of  the  insect,  the  third  of  the  three  main  divisions  of  the 

body  (head,  thorax,  and  abdomen). 
Anal  Lobes;    Anal  Plates.     A  small  pair  of  triangular  processes  forming  a  valve  which 

covers  the  anal  orifice. 

Anal  Oriflee.     The  external  opening  of  the  intestine. 
Anal  Ring.    A  circumscribed  ring  encircling  the  anal  orifice. 

Anal  Tubercles.    A  pair  of  prominent  rounded  processes  on  each  side  of  the  anal  orifice. 
Antennae.    A  pair  of  jointed  organs  or  feelers  situated  on  the  head. 
Appendages.    General  term  for  antennae,  mouth  parts,  and  legs  of  an  insect. 
Bicuspid.    Having  two  points. 
Carina.    A  keel  or  ridge. 
Carinated.     Keeled,  ridged,  or  ribbed. 
Castaneous.    Shiny,  reddish  brown. 
Caudad.    Situated  toward  the  tail. 
Cephalic.    Pertaining  to  the  head. 

Cephalothorax.    The  anterior  part  of  the  body,  comprising  the  head  and  thorax. 
Chitinous.    Consisting  of  a  horny  substance  present  in  the  skin  and  harder  parts  of 

insects. 


THE  COCCID^;  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


PLATE  III. 


7.' 


I    //. 


'    F, 


I 


FIG.  1.    PYGIDIUM  OF  FEMALE  DIASPIN^E. 

Circumgenital  glands  or  spinnerets  (in  groups 

1,  2,  3). 


1.  Median  group. 

2.  Upper  laterals. 

3.  Lower  laterals. 

4.  Genital  aperture. 

5.  Anal  aperture. 

6.  Spine-like  plates. 

7.  Spines. 

8.  Fumbriated  plates. 

9.  Third  pair  lobes. 

10.  Second  pair  lobes. 

11.  First  or  median  pair 

lobes— serrate. 


12.  Tubular  spinner- 

ets. 

13.  Trumpet  -  shaped 

filiform      spin- 
nerets. 

14.  Trumpet  -  shaped 

tubular      spin- 
nerets. 

15.  Marginal    promi- 

nence. 

16.  Abdominal     seg- 

ment. 


FIG.  2.    BODY  OF  FEMALE 


1.  Head. 

2.  Prothorax. 

3.  Mesothorax. 

4.  Metathorax. 

5.  6,  7.  Abdominal  seg- 

ments. 

8.  Pygidium. 

9.  Antennae. 
10.  Rostrum. 


11.  Anterior  spiracles. 

12.  Rostral  setae. 

13.  Posterior  spiracles. 

14.  Spinnerets  or  cir- 

cumgenital 
glands. 

15.  Genital  aperture. 

16.  Pores    of    tubular 

spinnerets. 

d.  T.  P.,  del. 


VENTRAL  SURFACE  OF  SCALE  INSECT;  SHOWING  VARIOUS  ORGANS. 


12  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

Circumgenital  Glands.  Small  circular  glands  in  distinct  groups  around  the  genital 
orifice. 

Coxa.    The  basal  joint  of  the  leg. 

Depressed.     Flattened  from  above  downward. 

Digitules.     Appendages  frequently  present  on  the  feet  of  Coccidse. 

Dorsal.    Relating  to  the  back  or  upper  parts  of  the  body. 

Dorsal  Scale.  The  part  of  the  covering  scale  that  lies  above  the  scale  proper  and  the 
part  seen  when  viewing  a  scale  externally ;  between  this  and  the  ventral  scale  is 
found  the  female. 

Dorsum.     The  back  or  upper  part  of  the  body. 

Exuviae.    The  discarded  skins  shed  at  the  periodical  molts. 

Femur.    The  thigh  or  upper  part  of  the  leg. 

Filiform.    Thread-like. 

Honey-dew.    A  sweet,  sticky  substance  exuded  by  the  Coccidse  and  other  insects. 

Incised.    With  marginal  slits  or  notches. 

Laterad.    Toward  the  side. 

Larva.    The  immature  insect. 

Lobe.    Any  prominent  rounded  process.    (See  illustrated  plate.) 

Mesad.    Situated  toward  the  middle. 

Mesal.    Relating  to  the  middle. 

Metamorphosis.    The  transformations  of  an  insect  during  its  development. 
Ocelli.    The  simple  or  supplementary  eyes. 
Oviparous.    Producing  eggs. 

Ovoviviparous.     Producing  eggs  which  are  hatched  within  the  body  of  the  parent. 
Parasitized.    Containing  parasites. 
Pellicles.    The  "  exuviae  "  or  cast  larval  skins. 
Plate.    Any  broad,  flattened  piece. 

Processes.    Any  prominent  portions  of  the  body  not  otherwise  definable. 
Pupa.    The  chrysalis  or  resting  stage  of  an  insect. 

Pygldlum.    The  compound  terminal  segment  of  the  body.    (See  illustrated  plate.) 
Rostral  Setae.    The  four  long,  hair-like  processes  which  together  form  the  sucking  tube. 
Secretion.    Matter  produced  by  the  various  glands  of  the  body,  more  particularly  the 
cottony,  waxy,  silken  substances  of  which  the  coverings  of  many  scale  bugs  are 
composed. 

Segments.    The  transverse  divisions  of  the  body. 
Serrated.    With  margin  notched  like  a  saw. 
Seta.    A  stout  hair  or  bristle. 
Spiracles.    The  respiratory  organs. 
Tarsus.    The  terminal  joints  of  the  legs. 
Thorax.    The  second  or  main  division  of  the  body ;  that  part  which  bears  the  legs  and 

wings  when  present. 
Tibia.    The  single  joint  of  the  leg  immediately  succeeding  the  "femur"  and  preceding 

the  "tarsus." 

Truncate.    With  end  having  appearance  of  being  abruptly  cut  off. 
Ventral.    Relating  to  the  under  surface  of  the  body. 
Ventral  Scale.    The  under  part  of  the  covering  scale,  between  the  insect  and  the  plant. 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


13 


Subfamily  MONOPHLEBINjE. 

Icerya  purchasi  crawii  Ckll. 

Female  (after  forming  ovisac). — Light  pinkish  or  yellowish  red;  the 
margin  orange,  with  bunches  of  short  black  bristles;  the  back  is  largely 
covered  with  yellowish-white  secretion.  Ovisac  somewhat  larger  and 
longer  than  mcutkclli',  femora  decidedly  more  slender. 

On  orange,  lemon,  grape-fruit,  acacia,  pittosporum,  broom,  rose. 


X 


FIG.  1.    Icerya  purchasi  crawii.    Females  on  orange  twig. 


FIG.  2.  Male  of 
Icerya  purchasi 
crawii. 


Icerya  purchasi  maskelli  Ckll. 

Female  (after  forming  ovisac).  — Slate  gray  or  very  dark  purplish 
gray,  sometimes  brownish  in  the  middle,  with  marginal  dull  orange 
spots.  Back  little  covered  by  secretion.  More  hairy  at  the  cephalic 
end  than  crawii.  Ovisac  not  so  large  as  in  crawii,  tinged  with  yellow 
just  behind  the  body  of  the  insect.  It  is  purchasi  in  the  strict  sense  and 
agrees  very  nearly,  though  not  entirely,  with  Maskell's  description. 

Food  plants:  same  as  I.  crawii. 


FIG.  3.    Icerya  purchasi  maskelli.    Females  on  orange  twig. 

The  two  species  above  mentioned  are  well  known  to  almost  every  resi- 
dent of  California,  and  are  commonly  known  as  the  cottony-cushion 
scale,  the  white  scale,  or  the  fluted  scale.  Until  the  introduction  of 
their  natural  insect  enemy  (Novius  [  Vedalia]  cardinalis)  this  pest 
engaged  the  attention  of  our  citrus-growers  more  than  any  one  thing, 
but  within  a  few  short  months  after  its  introduction,  N.  cardinalis  had 
the  pest  practically  controlled  and  has  held  it  so  for  many  years.  To- 
day it  is  hard  work  to  find  enough  of  the  scale  to  keep  the  breeding 
cases  in  our  Insectary  supplied  with  food.  The  two  species  mentioned 
are  usually  associated  with  each  other  on  the  same  tree.  They  may  be 
distinguished  in  the  adult  stage,  however,  as  one  is  a  light  form  and 
the  other  dark. 


14  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

Subfamily  MARGARODINjE. 
Xylococcus  quercus  Ehrh. 

The  specimen  taken  in  October  is  very  dark  in  color,  blackish,  the 
markings  being  only  faintly  indicated. 

Egg  quite  large,  of  a  light  orange  color. 

Young  larvas  dark  orange-red,  active,  body  broadly  oval,  about  f  mm. 
long.  Legs  and  antennae  light  brown,  well  developed.  Antennae  short, 
6-jointed.  Joint  1  stoutest,  joint  6  longest,  and  joint  4  shortest. 
Formula:  651234.  Joints  2  and  5  with  three  bristles.  Joint  6  with 
numerous  long  stout  bristles.  Legs  moderately  long,  with  femur  quite 
swollen.  Tarsus  longer  than  tibia.  Digitules  of  tarsus  fine  hairs;  those 
of  claw  long  stout  clubs  curved  upward.  Each  segment  of  abdomen 
bears  a  backward-directed  short  stout  spine.  On  each  side  of  anal  tube 
is  a  long  fine  bristle.  Anal  tube  large,  with  numerous  stout  spines. 
Stigmatal  tubes  well  developed. 

Female  (second  stage). — Body  crimson,  shiny,  nearly  spherical,  about 
1-J  mm.  long,  1  mm.  broad,  surrounded  by  cottony  and  waxy  secretion. 
Antennae  and  legs  wanting.  Anal  tube  well  developed,  producing  a 
glassy  rod,  like  a  stout  white  hair,  rather  brittle.  Last  segment  of  body 
dark  brown.  When  cleared  in  KHO,  surface  of  body  finely  granulated, 
more  so  near  caudal  end.  Stigmatal  tubes  are  large  and  well  defined. 
There  are  numerous  spines  and  gland  openings  scattered  over  the  body. 

Third  and  fourth  stages  very  similar  to  second  stage,  but  larger  in 
each  case  than  the  preceding,  and  varying  in  the  further  development 
of  stigmatal  and  anal  tubes,  glands,  spines,  etc. 

Adult  Female. — Head,  thorax,  legs,  and  antennae  reddish  brown, 
abdomen  blackish  brown,  segmentation  distinct.  There  is  a  distinct 
constriction  between  the  thorax  and  abdomen.  Length  of  body  about 
5-J  mm.,  breadth  2-|  mm.,  quite  convex  above.  Ventral  side  of  abdomen 
concave,  with  revolute  margins.  Insect  quite  active.  When  ready  to 
deposit  eggs  crawls  into  some  crevice  and  produces  a  cottony  cushion, 
on  which  it  rests  and  secretes  considerable  white  cotton  over  its  entire 
body.  Antennae  9-jointed.  Joint  1  longest  and  broadest,  next  in  length 
is  2,  then  joint  9,  and  then  3.  Joints  4,  5,  6,  7,  and  8  are  subequal,  and 
are  a  little  shorter  than  3.  Formula:  1293(45678).  Legs  long  and 
stout.  Tibia  twice  as  long  as  tarsus,  both  very  hairy.  Claw  long  and 
stout.  Digitules  fine  hairs.  Body  sparsely  covered  with  long  stout 
spines,  especially  along  the  margin  and  caudal  end.  Stigmatal  tubes 
very  prominent.  Anal  opening  simple  and  quite  large. 

Adult  Male. — About  3  mm.  long  and  1^  mm.  broad,  slightly  pubescent. 
Color  of  abdomen  reddish  brown.  Mesothorax  black,  with  four  raised 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF    CALIFORNIA.  15 

knobs.  Front  part  of  head  black,  eyes  very  prominent,  strongly  faceted, 
black.  Legs  and  antennae  black  and  very  hairy.  Ventral  surface  of 
abdomen  dark  brown,  segmentation  distinct.  Mesosternum  black,  a 
small  black  line  on  poststernum,  and  an  irregular  black  patch  on  meta- 
sternum.  Abdominal  brushes  with  long  stout  glassy  bristles  about  6  mm- 
long.  Style  short,  stout,  and  conical.  Antennae  10-jointed,  very  hairy, 
reaching  beyond  end  of  abdomen.  Joint  2  shortest,  joints  3  and  10  a 
little  longer,  and  the  other  joints  subequal.  Each  joint  with  numerous 
hairs.  Wings  large,  about  3  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  broad,  expanse  about 
7  mm.;  smoky,  slightly  pubescent,  with  a  costal  space  blackish  brown? 
halteres  resembling  small  wings  with  several  hooks.  Legs  long,  stout, 
and  very  hairy.  Femur  much  shorter  than  tibia.  Tibia  about  four 
times  as  long  as  tarsus.  Digitules  fine  hairs.  Claw  long,  slender,  and 
well  curved.  Digitules  short  clubbed-shaped  hairs. 
On  Quercus  chrysolepis. 

This  wonderful  insect  is  of  little  economic  importance  and  requires 
close  inspection  to  detect  its  presence.  A  long  white,  thread-like  pro- 
tuberance is  first  noticeable  coming  out  of  the  cracks  of  the  bark  on 
the  oak  while  the  female  is  buried  underneath. 


Subfamily  ORTHEZIIN^E. 
Orthezia  insignis  Dougl. 

(Colored  Plate  II.) 

Adult  Female. — Body  broad  oval;  width,  1.2  mm.;  length,  1.5  mm., 
exclusive  of  lamellae;  ochreous,  mottled  to  dark  green;  distinctly  seg- 
mented. Arranged  around  the  body,  beginning  with  the  second  tho- 
racic segment,  are  white,  waxy  plates  or  lamellae.  In  the  adult  female 
the  lamellae  are  united  posteriorly,  forming  a  long,  parallel-sided  mar- 
supium,  which  contains  the  eggs  and  young.  The  arrangement  of  the 
lamellae  can  be  better  shown  by  a  figure  (See  colored  Plate  II)  than 
by  a  description.  Antennae  8-jointed,  all  fulvous  except  the  black, 
somewhat  fusoid  eighth  joint;  the  first  joint  is  very  stout,  the  second 
the  stoutest  and  shorter  than  the  remaining  ones.  Legs  light  brown, 
the  darker  tarsi  bearing  numerous  fine  spines. 

Adult  Male.— The  slender,  dusky  body  is  about  1  mm.  in  length,  and 
bears  two  large  ovate,  transparent  wings  with  two  veins  united  at  the 
base.  Wing  expanse,  2.5  mm.  The  last  segment  bears  on  each  side 
a  long,  white  filament. 

This  insect  is  strictly  a  greenhouse  species,  and  sometimes  is  very 
destructive  to  coleus,  verbena,  and  chrysanthemum. 


16  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

Subfamily  DACTYLOPIINjE. 
Pollinia  pollini  Costa. 

This  scale  was  introduced  in  1887  from  Italy  on  a  shipment  of  olive 
trees,  but  its  presence  was  not  noticed  until  1893,  when  the  trees  were 
destroyed  and  a  careful  search  made  for  any  other  infestation.  None 
has  been  noticed  since  that  time,  although  a  careful  inspection  has 
been  made  many  times  since,  and  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  it 
was  eradicated. 

Kermes  austini  Ehrh. 

Female  Scale. — Spherical,  about  4.5  mm.  broad,  4  mm.  long,  4  mm. 
high.  Dorsum  slightly  covered  with  a  waxy  secretion.  Scale  not  gib- 
bous and  segmentations  indistinct,  indicated  by  brown  dots  when  seen 
through  a  lens.  Color  light  brown,  with  several  irregular  white  stripes 
running  parallel  with  the  segments.  There  is  a  distinct  groove  on  the 
caudal  portion  of  the  scale,  which  is  distinctly  marked  with  brown. 
Scale  more  or  less  pitted;  pits  generally  marked  dark  brown  or  black. 
Ventral  scale  is  more  or  less  flat  and  light  brown.  Keel  not  very 
prominent.  When  boiled  in  KHO  derm  is  light  brown,  with  several 
brown  spots  and  numerous  round  gland-orifices,  which  are  larger  near 
the  margin.  A  few  short  spines  near  the  margin.  Antennae  very  short 
and  stout,  indistinctly  6-jointed.  Joint  3  longest,  4  and  5  subequal. 

Larva  (taken  from  body  of  female). — Color  pink,  twice  as  long  as 
broad;  after  boiling  in  potash,  colorless.  Antennae  and  legs  yellow- 
Antennae  6-jointed.  Formula:  3  6  (2  5)  (41).  Caudal  tubercles  large, 
with  very  long  setae  and  three  stout  spines — one  at  base  of  tubercle,  one 
on  its  inner  margin,  and  one  near  setae.  On  the  margin  of  body  each 
segment  has  a  stout  spine.  Legs  stout.  Tarsus  not  twice  as  long  as 
tibia.  Femur  nearly  twice  as  long  as  tarsus  plus  tibia.  Claw  slender 
and  curved. 

On  twigs  of  Quercus  oblongifolius. 

Many  specimens  of  this  species  are  found  to  be  parasitized. 

Kermes  eockerelli  Ehrh. 

Female. — Scale  5  mm.  long,  4.5  mm.  broad,  and  4  mm.  high,  deeply 
segmented,  dorsum  usually  marked  with  black  lines  and  spots  along 
the  sutures,  some  specimens  not  showing  any.  There  is  a  broad, 
median,  longitudinal  groove,  where  the  segmentation  is  obsolete;  on 
each  side  of  this  the  segments  are  strongly  gibbous.  Color  light  brown? 
without  any  conspicuous  black  specks;  derm,  by  transmitted  light, 
brown  with  numerous  oval  glands,  several  large  postulae  on  body.  An- 
tennae very  small,  6-jointed;  joint  3  very  large,  longer  than  the  three 
following  together;  the  others  short,  very  little  longer  than  5,  4  shortest. 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  17 

Larva  elongated  oval,  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  yellow, 
greatest  breadth  behind  the  middle  of  body.  Eyes  red,  caudal  tubercles 
quite  large,  each  bearing  one  long  bristle  and  three  stout  spines,  one 
near  bristle  and  one  on  the  outer  and  inner  margins  of  tubercle.  On  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  head  are  six  bristles;  the  sides  of  the  abdominal 
segments  are  armed  with  stout,  but  not  very  long  bristles.  Antennae 
cylindrical,  6-jointed;  formula:  (3  6)  (1  2)  4  5;  last  joint  rounded  at  tip 
with  several  hairs,  one  very  long;  rostral  loop  extending  halfway 
between  base  of  third  pair  of  legs  and  anal  ring.  Legs  quite  large,  claw 
long  and  curved ;  tibia  shorter  than  tarsus. 

On  twigs  of  Quercus  lobata. 

Very  much  parasitized  by  undetermined  chalcid. 

Kermes  galliformis  Riley. 

The  following  short  description  of  this  species  is  taken  from  Mr.  King's  article  ''The 
Genus  Kermes  in  North  America,"  and  the  description  published  in  "  Coccidae  of  Ohio," 
by  James  G.  Saunders: 

"A  large  dirty-gray  form,  which  turns  to  a  nearly  white  color  when 
exposed  to  a  season  on  the  twigs.  Female  scale  6  mm.  long,  7  mm. 
broad,  6  mm.  high,  with  black  spots,  and  viewed  with  a  hand  lens  the 
scale  is  seen  to  be  covered  with  minute  black  specks.  Newly  hatched 
larva  dirty  gray." 

On  oak. 

Kermes  nigropunetatus  Ehrh.  and  Ckll. 

Female. — Scale  4.5  mm.  long,  5.5  mm.  broad,  nearly  4  mm.  high,  not 
very  pale  ochreous,  speckled  all  over  with  black,  the  black  specks  so 
small  as  to  be  readily  overlooked  without  the  use  of  a  lens;  segmentation 
obscure,  but  discernible,  the  sutures  slightly  impressed  and  marked  by 
more  or  less  pallid  transverse  bands;  an  obscure  median  longitudinal 
depressed  line;  under  side  of  scale,  where  it  touches  the  bark,  flattened 
and  entirely  dark  brown;  derm  by  transmitted  light  yellow,  with 
numerous  round  glands.  Antennae  small,  6-jointed;  joint  3  very  long, 
about  as  long  as  4,  5  and  6  together;  joints  2  and  4  subequal  and 
smallest.  Formula:  3  1  6  5  (2  4). 

Larva  oval,  about  one  and  a  half  times  longer  than  broad;  greatest 
breadth  about  the  middle;  pink;  caudal  tubercles  large  and  distinct, 
each  bearing  a  moderately  long  bristle  and  three  stout  spines,  one  on 
the  outer  and  inner  margins  and  one  near  bristle.  The  sides  of  the 
abdominal  segments  are  armed  with  stout,  short  bristles.  Antennae 
cylindrical,  6-jointed,  formula  3  6  1  (4  5)  2;  last  joint  rounded  at  tip  with 
several  hairs;  joint  5  with  a  hair;  rostral  loop  extending  beyond  third 
pair  of  legs;  anal  ring  with  six  hairs.  Legs  stout,  claw  long  and  curved; 
tibia  much  shorter  than  tarsus. 


18  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

The  larvae  were  found  in  body  of  female.     It  is  something  like  K. 
galliformis,  but  distinguished  by  the  impressed  sutures. 
On  twigs  of  Quercvs. 

The  four  species  of  Kermes  above  mentioned  are  of  little  importance, 
although  occasionally  a  tree  may  be  found  which  will  contain  quite  a 
few  specimens  of  the  scale,  but  in  most  cases  they  are  heavily  para- 


FIG.  4.    Kermes  nigropunctatus.    Larvae  and  adults  on*  twig  of  oak. 

sitized  and  are  thus  held  in  check  and  not  allowed. to  increase  to  any 
extent. 

Gossyparia  spuria  Modeer. 

(Elm-tree  Scale.) 

Larva. — The  newly  hatched  larva  is  of  an  elongated  oval  form,  nar- 
rower behind,  of  a  clear  yellow  color,  each  segment  with  a  strong  lateral 
spine,  and  the  front  border  of  the  body  with  six  spines.  The  genito- 
anal  ring  has  six  hairs,  around  which  is  later  formed  a  secretion,  which 
renders  them  invisible.  There  is  a  double  row  of  spines  down  the 
middle  of  the  back;  the  antennae  are  6-jointed,  joints  2  and  3  longest, 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  19 

4  and  5  shortest.  There  is  an  elongated  protuberance  each  side  of  the 
antennas.  The  legs  are  short  and  slender,  with  the  tibia  shorter  than 
the  tarsus.  The  genito-anal  ring  has  eight'  hairs. 

The  full-grown  male  larva  has  7-jointed  antennas,  joint  7  longest,  the 
rest  equal.  After  impregnation  the  female  becomes  more  round,  fixes 
herself,  the  secretion  becomes  much  more  abundant  on  the  sides,  making 
at  first  lamellae,  which  afterwards  unite  into  a  cushion.  The  back 
becomes  smooth  and  the  segmentation  becomes  plainly  visible.  The 
dorsum  is  plane  transversely,  but  curved  longitudinally.  Particularly 
after  the  birth  of  the  young,  the  female  becomes  well  separated  from 
the  waxy  cushion,  and  is  easily  removed  from  it  (even  jarring  will 
accomplish  the  removal),  leaving  the  noticeably  empty  white  cup  with 
its  fringed  edges. 

Dr.  L.  0.  Howard  gives  the  following  description: 

Male. — "The  antennae  of  the  male  are  10-jointed,  the  joints  well 
separated.  The  wings  are  represented  by  pads  of  varying  length.  The 
poisers  appear  rather  thick  and  fleshy,  but  lack  the  terminal  hook. 


FIG.  5.    Gossyparia  spuria.    On  elm. 

The  abdomen  is  very  stout,  suboval,  considerably  broader  than  the 
thorax,  and  when  seen  from  above  covers  coxae,  trochanters,  and  base 
of  the  femora.  Its  segments  are  not  well  marked.  A  few  days  after 
this  form  makes  its  appearance  the  cocoons  begin  to  give  out  the  per- 
fect males,  which  issue  with  wings  fully  expanded.  There  seems  to 
have  been  a  molt  between  this  pseudimago  and  the  perfect  males,  for 
in  no  other  way  can  we  account  for  the  difference  in  form.  The 
antennas  possess  the  same  number  of  joints  (10),  of  about  the  same 
relative  proportion,  although  joints  3  and  4  are  longer,  but  the  incisures 
are  rather  better  marked.  The  poisers  are  lighter  in  color,  and  less 
fleshy  in  appearance,  and  the  curved  hook  is  plainly  visible  at  tip. 
The  abdomen  is  rather  longer,  much  more  slender,  and  tapers  gradually 
from  base  to  tip.  Its  segments  are  well  incised  and  plainly  separable 
from  above.  It  does  not  cover  the  hind  coxas  and  trochanters.  The 
tibiae  are  longer  in  proportion  to  their  tarsi.  The  anal  segment  gives 
off  two  waxy  filaments  as  long  as  the  entire  body.  These  filaments 
were  not  noticeable  in  the  pseudimago." 


20 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 


The  cocoon  of  the  male  is  rather  close,  though  thin,  flattened  oval, 
and  pure  white,  about  2  mm.  long  by  1  mm.  wide,  and  is  composed  of 
rather  coarse  waxy  fibers. 

On  elm  trees. 

We  have  but  one  generation  of  the  scale  a  year  in  California.  The 
young  are  brought  forth  alive  during  May,  locate  on  the  leaves  and 
later  settle  on  the  branches. 

In  other  states  this  species  has  proven  a  very  destructive  pest  to  the 
elms.  In  one  locality  in  California  it  gained  quite  a  foothold,  but 
prompt  remedial  measures  were  applied  and  the  scale  has  not  been 
allowed  to  increase,  although  scattering  specimens  may  be  found  on 
some  of  the  trees  originally  infested. 

Erioeoeeus  araucaria  Mask. 

The  presence  of  the  black  fungus  which  accompanies  many  species 

of  coccids,  usually  first  denotes ' 
the  presence  of  this  scale.  The 
full-grown  insects  are  contained 
in  white  cocoon-like  sacks,  which 
are  often  massed  toward  the  ends 
of  the  twigs.  The  larvae  are  in- 
conspicuous and  are  found  in  the 
angles  formed  by  the  bases  of  the 
leaves.  Both  sexes  are  similar 
in  the  larval  form.  They  are 
greenish  yellow  in  color;  the 
posterior  end  of  the  body  is  fur- 
nished with  two  prominent  lobes, 
each  terminated  by  a  long  hair. 
Between  these  lobes  there  is  a 
conical  mass  of  white  waxy  mat- 
ter projecting  backward.  The 
margin  of  the  body  is  fringed  with  a  row  of  tubular  spinnerets.  The 
female  when  full  grown  measures  2.3  mm.  in  length.  When  the  female 
is  ready  to  lay  her  eggs,  she  excretes  a  cocoon-like  covering  to  the 
body,  composed  of  white  waxen  threads.  This  sac  is  dense,  like  felt, 
but  easily  torn,  and  appears  to  be  open  on  the  middle  line  of  the  ven- 
tral surface.  It  adheres  to  the  tree  quite  firmly,  remaining  where 
excreted  after  the  death  of  the  insect. 
On  Araucaria  excelsa,  A.  bidwillii. 

Erioeoeeus  adenostomse  Ehrh. 

Female. — Inclosed  in  an  oval  (at  one  end  more  or  less  pointed)  sac 
about  3  mm.  long  and  li  mm.  broad,  woolly,  snow-white,  of  uniform 


FIG.  6. 


Erioeoeeus  araucaria.    On  Araucaria 
bidwillii. 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  21 

texture.  Oval,  about  half  again  as  long  as  broad,  dark  purple,  turning 
bright  crimson  when  placed  in  KHO.  Body  about  1^  mm.  long.  An- 
tennae light  brown,  7-jointed;  formula,  approximately:  (3  4  7)  (1  2)  5  6; 
joint  3  equal  to  5  and  6.  Most  of  the  joints  with  hairs;  joint  7  with 
several  comparatively  long  hairs.  Legs  light  brown,  large  and  stout; 
each  joint  with  one  or  more  bristles;  femur  quite  swollen;  tarsus  a 
trifle  longer  than  tibia.  Claw  stout  and  curved.  Both  tarsus  and  claw 
with  long  filiform  digitules.  Posterior  tubercles  short  and  rounded, 
with  one  very  long,  stout  bristle  and  two  shorter  ones  on  their  outer 
margin.  Anal  ring  large,  with  eight  long  bristles.  Derm  colorless, 
with  quantities  of  small  spines  and  rounded  glands  distributed  all  over 
the  dorsum. 

Sac  of  male  smaller  and  narrower  than  that  of  the  female,  color  more 
creamy. 

On  Adenostoma  fasciculatum. 

Phenacoceus  artemisise  Ehrh. 

Adult  Female. — Elongate  oval,  about  3  mm.  long  and  1-J  mm.  broad, 
of  a  sage-green  color;  measuring  with  egg  sac  4^  mm.  Sac  loosely 
woven  without  any  grooves,  eggs  lemon-yellow.  Legs  and  antennae 
light  brown.  Body  thinly  covered  with  secretion,  but  not  enough  to 
hide  color  of  body.  Segmentation  distinct.  When  placed  in  boiling 
KHO,  body  turns  orange  color,  and  leaves  derm  colorless  after  boiling. 
Antennae  9-jointed;  joint  2  always  longest,  joints  5,  6,  7,  8  subequal. 
Formula:  23914  (5  67  8).  Joints  1,7,  8,  and  9  with  several  stout  hairs. 
Legs  short  and  stout;  femur  about  as  long  as  tibia;  tibia  twice  as  long 
as  tarsus.  Claw  stout  and  long,  with  tooth.  Digitules  fine  knobbed 
hairs. 

Adult  Male. — Abdomen  yellowish  green,  thorax  and  head  dark  green. 
Thorax  marked  with  black  longitudinal  lines.  Body  slightly  pruinose. 
Antennas  and  legs  light  brown.  Eyes  dark  red.  Wings  more  or  less 
pruinose,  very  delicate.  Antennae  very  hairy,  10-jointed;  joint  3  long- 
est, joint  1  shortest  and  stoutest,  joints  7,  8,  and  10  subequal,  joints  2 
and  9  subequal.  Formula:  3  4  5  6  (7  8  10)  (2  9)  1.  Legs  very  hairy, 
long  and  slender;  tibia  much  longer  than  femur;  tarsus  very  short, 
less  than  one  third  of  tibia.  Claw  long  and  very  slender.  Digitules 
fine  hairs. 

On  Artemisia  cali.furnica. 

Phenacoceus  stachyos  Ehrh. 

Adult  Female. — About  2-J  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  broad,  convex,  taper- 
ing posteriorly,  viviparous,  of  a  sage-green  color.  Slightly  covered  with 
white  secretion,  which,  when  seen  through  lens,  appears  as  minute  white 


22  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

dots.  Segmentation  distinct.  There  are  two  longitudinal  rows  of  light 
brown  dots  on  the  meson.  The  dorsum  and  margin  are  thickly  set  with 
long  fine  iridescent  spines,  which  are  deciduous.  Legs  and  antennae 
light  brown,  quite  hairy.  Caudal  filaments  short  and  stout.  When 
placed  in  boiling  KHO,  body  turns  reddish  brown.  After  boiling,  derm 
becomes  colorless,  antennae,  mouth  parts,  and  legs  remaining  light 
brown.  Antennae  long  and  slender,  each  joint  with  a  few  long  fine 
hairs.  Joint  3  longest,  next  comes  joint  2,  joints  4  and  5  subequal, 
joints  1  and  6  subequal,  joint  8  shortest.  Formula,  approximately: 
3  2  (4  5)  9  ( I  6)  7  8.  Legs  long  and  stout,  quite  hairy;  trochanter  with 
very  long  bristle;  femur  a  trifle  shorter  than  tibia;  tarsus  about  one  third 
of  tibia.  Claw  long  and  slender,  with  tooth.  Digitules  fine  knobbed 
hairs.  Lobes  well  developed,  with  a  long  seta,  and  two  long  fine 
bristles.  Anal  ring  with  six  stout  hairs.  On  each  segment  of  the  ven- 
tral surface,  thorax,  and  on  the  head,  there  are  numerous  very  long  fine 
hairs,  and  there  are  numerous  short  fine  spines  and  numerous  spin- 
nerets with  club-shaped  tubes  scattered  over  the  body. 

Newly  hatched  larvae  orange  colored,  elongate  oval.  Antennae 
6-jointed,  quite  stout.  Formula:  6  3  (1  2)  (4  5).  Legs  short  and  stout; 
tarsus  as  long  as  tibia.  Rostral  loop  extending  beyond  last  coxae. 
Caudal  lobes  and  setae  quite  prominent. 

On  Stachyos  bullata. 

Ceroputo  bahige  Ehrh. 

Adult  Female. — About  4  mm.  long  and  3  mm.  broad,  covered  with 
white  cottony  secretion,  with  a  distinct  ridge  of  cottony  tufts  running 
longitudinally  on  the  meson  and  two  smaller  ridges  parallel  with  it. 
Each  ridge  has  a  large  tuft  at  the  cephalic  end.  Margin  fringed  with 
short,  broad  cottony  appendages,  getting  longer  toward  caudal  end. 
Legs  and  antennae  dark  brown.  Color  of  body  is  greenish  yellow,  with 
a  brown  patch  on  the  meson.  When  boiled  in  KHO  turns  crimson  at 
first,  then  derm  becomes  colorless,  except  a  row  of  dark  brown  patches 
on  the  body  near  and  running  parallel  with  the  margin.  These  grow 
larger  caudad.  Body  is  densely  covered  with  round  glands  and  stout 
conical  spines.  Anal  ring  large,  with  six  long  stout  hairs  and  numer- 
ous stout  hairs  scattered  over  area  surrounding  it.  Antennae  remain 
brown.  Antennae  9-jointed,  long  and  stout.  Formula:  359674812. 
All  joints  quite  hairy,  and  joint  9  quite  pointed  with  numerous  hairs. 
Legs  long,  stout,  and  thickly  covered  with  very  stout  hairs;  femur  and 
tibia  subequal;  tarsus  about  one  third  of  tibia.  Claw  very  stout  and 
curved,  with  tooth.  Digitules  very  long  fine  hair. 

Immature  Male. — Much  like  female,  smaller  and  lighter  color,  about 
2-J  mm.  long,  1^  mm.  broad,  Legs  not  as  stout.  Antennae  7- jointed. 
Formula:  37  2  (1  456). 


THE   COCCIDAE   OP   CALIFORNIA.  23 

Sac  of  male  snow-white,  more  or  less  irregular  in  shape,  no  distinct 
carina,  about  4  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad. 

Adult  Male. — Measures,  without  setae,  about  3  mm.  long  and  1  mm. 
broad.  Head  and  thorax  dark  brown,  abdomen  greenish  yellow, 
slightly  covered  with  white  secretion.  Antennas  10-jointed.  Formula: 
(3  4  5)  6  7  8  9  10  1  2.  Legs  long,  stout  and  very  hairy.  Wings  dusky, 
pubescent,  each  about  2-g  mm.  long  by  1  mm.  broad.  Halteres  small, 
with  two  stout,  well-curved  hooks.  Style  long,  stout  and  conical,  form- 
ing a  blunt  hook  at  caudal  end.  The  last  abdominal  segment  has  two 
groups  of  round  gland  openings;  on  the  cephalic  margin  of  each,  two 
very  long,  stout  spines  arise,  which  run  parallel  caudad.  There  are 
also  numerous  stout  hairs  surrounding  the  glands. 

On  Bahia  sp. 

Pseudococcus  aurilanatus  Mask. 

Adult  Female. — Slightly  elongated,  nearly  globulous,  of  a  rich  dark 
purple  color,  bearing  on  the  dorsum  a  longitudinal  band  of  bright 
golden-colored  meal,  with  small  patches  of  similar 
meal  often  visible  on  the  edges.  In  alcohol  or 
potash  it  produces  a  rich  purple  tint,  and  if 
crushed  in  the  fingers  stains  them  a  dark  red. 
The  eggs,  which  are  also  purple,  are  laid  in  a 
mass  behind  the  insect  in  a  thin,  white  cottony 
web,  the  mass  having  thus  a  general  dark  gray 
appearance.  Body  obscurely  segmented,  length 
about  TV  inch.  Antennas  usually  of  eight  joints, 
often  of  seven;  in  the  former  case  the  fourth,  in  FIG-  7-  Pseudococcus 

,,       i    ,  ,1        ii  •     1      •    •     •    •      j.1        i  (Common  Mealy-bug.) 

the  latter  the  third,  joint  is  the  longest,  the  rest 

subequal,  except  the  last,  which  is  fusiform,  and  nearly  equal  to  the 

longest;  all  the  joints  have  a  few  hairs,  the  last  bearing  several. 

On  Araucaria  bidwillii. . 

.  This  species  is  commonly  known  as  the  "golden  mealy-bug,"  and  is 
quite  troublesome  in  the  greenhouses  on  Araucaria  bidwillii.  I  have 
also  found  it  on  the  same  host  plant  in  the  open. 

Pseudoeoeeus  citri  Risso. 

(Mealy-bug.) 

Adult  Female. — Length  3.5  to  4  mm.,  width  2  to  2.5  mm.,  white  or 
yellow  with  brownish  tinge,  darker  than  P.  longispinus,  and  with  less 
powdery  secretions  covering  body.  The  seventeen  lateral  appendages 
are  short  and  blunt;  posterior  appendages  not  much  longer  than  lateral 
ones.  Antennas  8-jointed,  less  pubescent  than  in  P.  longispinus.  For- 


24  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

mula:  832(17)  (564).  The  penultimate  segment  bears  on  either  side 
a  very  long  seta  and  two  or  three  very  short  ones,  and  two  conical  pro- 
jections; the  surface  of  the  segment  is  dotted  with  orifices.  Six  slender 
setae,  one  half  the  length  of  the  setae  on  the  penultimate,  are  borne  by 
the  anogenital  ring,  which  is  somewhat  projected  from  the  penultimate 
segment.  Female  oviparous;  deposits  eggs  in  cottony  sac,  which  in- 
creases in  size  as  the  female  grows. 

On  citrus,  Cycas  revoluta,  coleus,  ferns,  and  many  plants  in  hothouses. 

This  is  the  common  mealy-bug  and  can  be  found  in  almost  any 
greenhouse  or  private  conservatory.  In  a  few  instances  it  has  been 
reported  as  occurring  in  citrus  orchards.  In  these  cases  a  colony  of 
Cryptolsemus  montrouzieri  (Coccinellid),  known  as  the  ladybird  enemy 
of  the  mealy-bug,  soon  cleans  up  the  pest.  In  the  greenhouses  they  do 
not  work  so  well,  as  the  mature  beetle  flies  against  the  glass  and  tries 
to  escape,  but  in  the  open  they  control  this  pest  wherever  liberated. 

Pseudoeoccus  longispinus  Targ. 
(Mealy-bug.) 

Female. — Length  2.5  to  3  mm.,  width  1.5  to  2  mm.  White  or  tinged 
with  yellow,  with  brown  band  on  middle  of 
back;  each  segment  with  a  white  waxy  filament, 
which  forms  a  border  of  appendages  of  varying 
lengths  around  the  body;  those  near  the  poste- 
rior extremity  longer,  and  four  at  caudal  end 
very  long,  the  inner  the  longer,  sometimes  longer 
than  the  body.  Entire  body  appears  as  if  dusted 
with  flour,  which  is  caused  by  the  waxy  secre- 
tion. Antennae  8-jointed,  each  joint  bearing 
seven  hairs.  Formula:  8  (2  3)  (1  5)  (4  6)  7.  The 
legs  are  long,  stouter  than  in  P.  citri,  somewhat 
pubescent;  tibia  twice  as  long  as  tarsus.  The 
penultimate  segment  presents  on  either  side  a 
FIG.  s.  Pseudoeoccus  longis-  rounded  group  of  pores  and  two  short,  strong 

pinus.    (Mealy-bug.)  1,1  ,  i 

spines,  also  a  seta  somewhat  longer  than  the 

anal  setse,  and  several  shorter  setae.  Anal  ring  large,  dotted  with  six 
long  setae. 

Larvse. — The  male  and  female  larvae  are  similar  to  adult  female  in 
shape  and  color,  but  the  male  larva  has  7-jointed  and  the  female 
6-jointed  antennae. 

On  fern,  croton,  coleus,  citrus,  Cycas  revoluta,  and  many  hothouse 
plants. 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  25 

This  species  differs  from  P.  citri,  as  it  has  long  threads  or  spines 
extending  from  the  end  of  the  body.  Its  habits  are  the  same  as  P.  citri 
and  it  is  usually  to  be  found  on  the  same  host  plants. 

Pseudoeoeeus  maritimus  Ehrh. 

Female. — Elongate  oval,  about  2  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  broad,  flattish, 
slightly  covered  with  secretion.  Color  of  body,  reddish  brown.  Margin 
beset  with  stout,  short,  white  filaments,  which  grow  longer  caudad. 
Caudal  setae  about  one-half  length  of  body.  Legs  and  antennae  same 
color  as  body. 

Eggs  orange-yellow.  Egg  sac  well  developed  and  has  the  appearance 
of  Pulvinnria  camelicola,  but  smaller — about  5  mm.  long  and  2  mm. 
broad. 

Young  larvae  light  orange-yellow. 

When  boiled  in  KHO,  female  turns  liquid  purple  and  derm  becomes 
colorless.  Body  thickly  beset  with  long  slender  spines  and  many  round 
glands.  Each  segment  has  a  group  of  spinnerets  on  its  margin,  in  the 
center  of  which  are  two  short  stout  conical  spines.  Antennae  8-jointed,. 
quite  hairy.  Joint  8  always  longest,  and  joint  4  generally  shortest, 
although  joint  6  sometimes  is  shorter  than  4;  again,  joints  4  and  6 
are  sometimes  equal.  The  following  formulae  will  assist  in  determin- 
ing the  species:  82(13)  (57)64.  82(13)5(47)6.  8321(57)64. 
81(23)57  (46). 

Legs  quite  hairy,  well  developed,  long  and  slender.  Trochanter  with 
long  stout  spine  (128yw).  Femur  about  as  long  'as  tibia.  Tarsus  about 
a  third  as  long  as  tibia.  Claw  short  and  stout.  Digitules  fine  knobbed 
hairs.  Caudal  lobes  prominent,  with  moderately  long  setae  and  two 
very  stout  conical  spines.  Anal  ring  large,  with  six  very  long  stout 
hairs. 

On  Eriogonum  latifolium. 

Pseudoeoeeus  quereus  Ehrh. 

Female. — Slightly  covered  with  white  secretion,  about  2-J  mm.  long 
and  1^  mm.  broad,  tapering  at  both  ends.  Color  of  body  greenish 
brown,  concealed  more  or  less  by  secretion.  Segmentation  very  distinct. 
Each  segment  bears  a  white  filament  on  the  margin.  Caudal  setae 
about  one  third  as  long  as  body,  white  and  very  stout.  Antennae  and  legs 
dark  brown.  When  placed  in  boiling  KHO,  body  turns  crimson;  derm 
becomes  colorless  after  boiling.  Antennae  8-jointed;  joint  8  longest, 
joint  7  generally  shortest.  Formula,  approximately:  832(15)647. 
Each  joint  has  a  ring  of  stout  hairs.  Joint  8  has  numerous  very  long 
hairs.  Legs  long  and  stout,  with  numerous  long  fine  hairs;  femur 
about  as  long  as  tibia;  tarsus  about  a  third  as  long  as  tibia;  claw 
3— c 


26  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

slender  and  well  curved.  Digitules  long  fine  knobbed  hairs.  Anal  ring 
small,  with  six  fine  hairs.  Caudal  lobes  well  developed,  with  very  long 
setae  (280  yw).  Groups  of  spinnerets,  conical  spines,  and  long  slender 
hairs  scattered  over  the  dorsum. 

On  Quercus  chrysolepis. 

Pseudococcus  ryani  Coq. 

This  species  is  known  as  the  cypress  mealy-bug  and  is  held  in  almost 
complete  subjection  by  the  Coccinellids  (ladybirds),  Rhizobius  ventralis 
and  Exochomus  marginipennis.  Of  the  sixteen  species  of  Pseudococcus 
found  in  California,  P.  citri,  P.  longispinus,  and  P.  aurilanatus  are  the 
most  troublesome,  although  where  New  Zealand  flax  is  grown  P.  calceo- 
larias is  very  abundant. 

Erium  eriog-oni  Ehrh. 

Female. — Inclosed  in  a  densely  woven  white  felt  sac  about  2^  mm. 
long  and  1  mm.  broad;  also  secreting  considerable  loose  cottony  matter. 
Color  light  yellow,  slightly  covered  with  white  powder,  about  2  mm.  long 
and  1  mm.  broad.  Last  segment  of  body  with  two  short  white  filaments. 
Legs  and  antennae  light  brown.  Young  larvae  and  eggs  light  yellow. 
When  boiled  in  KHO,  turns  brown.  Numerous  very  fine  slender 
spines  on  dorsum.  Antennae  7-jointed,  quite  bristly.  Sequence  of  the 
joints  of  the  antennae  is  quite  variable.  Joint  7  longest,  then  comes  3, 
then  1  and  2,  but  these  are  sometimes  longer  than  3.  Joint  4  is  next, 
but  sometimes  joint  6  is  longer.  Joint  5  is  generally  shortest.  Formula, 
approximately:  7312465.  Legs  small  and  rather  slender;  femur, 
tibia,  and  tarsus  all  bearing  rather  large  stout  bristles;  femur  twice  as 
long  as  tarsus;  claw  slender.  Tarsal  digitules  long,  slender,  slightly 
knobbed.  Digitules  of  claw  slightly  longer  than  claw,  slender,  knobbed. 
Anal  lobes  not  conspicuous,  bearing  a  long,  rather  stout  seta,  several 
stout  conical  spines,  hairs  and  spinnerets.  Anal  ring  median,  with 
the  usual  six  hairs. 

On  roots  of  Eriogonum  sp. 

Ripersia  villosa  Ehrh. 

Female. — In  clusters  and  single  in  the  crotches  of  twigs  of  oak.  Sac 
loosely  woven  of  long  white  wool,  oval,  about  2  mm.  long  and  1  mm. 
broad. 

When  removed  from  sac  bright  crimson,  slightly  covered  with 
white  powder,  skin  shiny;  about  1.5  mm.  long,  1  mm.  broad,  tapering 
anteriorly  and  quite  convex  dorsally.  When  boiled  in  KHO,  derm 
colorless,  densely  covered  with  slender  hairs.  -Antennae  light  brown; 


THE   COCCIDAE  OF   CALIFORNIA.  27 

7- jointed,  joint  7  longest;  sometimes  joint  1  is  next  longest,  but  joint 
2  is  often  longer  than  joint  1,  and  in  many  cases  they  are  sub- 
equal;  joint  6  usually  next,  although  joint  3  may  be  longer  than 
6;  joint  4  next,  often  subequal  with  5;  sometimes  3  shortest,  sometimes 
5;  3  and  5  often  subequal.  In  fact,  the  sequence  of  the  joints  is 
quite  variable,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  antennal  formulae: 
721(36)(45).  7(12)6(45)3.  71264(53).  7(12)64(53).  Joint 
1  is  stouter  than  any  of  the  others.  Each  joint  with  hairs,  joint  7 
with  several  stout  hairs.  Legs  light  brown,  large  and  stout;  each  joint 
furnished  with  one  or  more  rather  long  bristles.  Femur,  80X50^; 
tibia,  70  yw;  tarsus,  50  ^]  claw,  20^.  Digitules  of  claw  knobbed,  moder- 
ately short  and  stout.  Tarsal  digitules  long,  fine,  slightly  knobbed 
hairs.  Tubercles  small  and  rounded,  with  long  stout  bristle.  Anal 
ring  with  six  stout  hairs. 

Larva,  when  newly  hatched,  color  light  red,  rostral  loop  extending 
beyond  body. 

On  Quercus  agrifolia. 

Subfamily  COGGING. 

Pulvinaria  innumerabilis  Rathv. 

This  scale  insect  somewhat  resembles  the  cottony-cushion  scale 
(leery a  purchasi)  and  is  often  mistaken  for  it.  It  can  be  easily  dis- 
tinguished, however, 
being  much  smaller 
and  the  general  ap- 
pearance differing 
materially. 

Female . —  Oval    in 
form;    color    dark 

brown       Near  the  DOS-  FIG'  9'    Pulvinaria  innumerabilis  (Cottony  Maple  Scale). 

On  Grape. 

tenor  end  are  ridges, 

and  the  lines  that  separate  them  are  darker  than  the  other  parts.  The 
eggs  are  laid  in  the  cottony  sac;  they  are  white  when  first  laid,  but 
change  to  a  yellowish  tinge  before  hatching.  They  are  oval  in  form. 
The  larva  is  yellowish  white. 

At  one  time  this  species  was  very  troublesome,  but  the  internal  para- 
sites Coccophagus  lecani  and  Encyrtus  flavus  work  on  this  pest  most 
effectively  in  the  larval  form,  and  the  Rhizobius  ventralis  clean  up  the 
egg  sacs  of  those  that  escape  the  attack  of  the  parasites  in  the  larval 
form  and  mature. 

The  other  species  of  Pulvinaria  found  in  California  are  of  no  economic 
importance. 


28 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 


FIG.  10.   Pulvinaria  camelicola. 
enlarged ; 
scales  on  limb  and  leaf. 


a,  female,  greatly 


Pulvinaria  camelieola  Sign. 

The  female  of  this  species  is  not  unlike  Coccus  hesperidum,  but  the 
formation  of  the  white  ovisac  is  a  clearly  distinguishing  character.  In 
late  summer  the  female  often  drops  off  to  the  ground,  leaving  only  the 

ovisac  observable  on  the  leaf. 
According  to  Maskell,  the  adult 
female  is  yellowish  or  reddish 
brown,  naked,  slightly  convex, 
elongated;  skin  smooth,  with 
puncta;  length  variable,  from 
about  \  of  an  inch  to  -£•  of  an 
inch.  Antennae,  according  to 
Signoret,  with  sometimes  6, 
sometimes  7,  joints.  Abdom- 
inal clefts  and  lobes  normal. 
The  insect  excretes  a  narrow, 
white,  cylindrical,  cottony  ovi- 
sac, which  is  conspicuous  on 
the  leaf  of  the  plant,  and  the 

6,  natural  size,  showing  position  of     brown    body  of   the    female  Can 

i  i    ^f    -4.       T^^. 

be  seen  at  one  end  01  it.     Ine 
eggs  in  the  ovisac  are  numerous,  perhaps  some  hundreds. 
Larva  in  second  stage  of  female  flat,  oval,  .yellowish  brown. 

On  Camellia  japonica  in  greenhouses. 

Pulvinaria  psidii  Mask. 

Adult  Female. — Yellow  or  yellowish  brown,  sometimes  with  a  greenish 
tinge;  size  variable,  reaching  ^  of  an  inch  before  the  ovisac  is  formed,  but 
shriveling  at  gestation.  The  ovisacs  cover  the  twig  or  leaf  with  masses 
of  dirty-white  cotton,  usually  accompanied  by  black  fungus.  Antennae 
rather  long  and  slender,  of  8  joints,  o.f  which  joint  3  is  longest,  joint  8 
next,  and  the  rest  shorter  and  subequal.  Feet  also  rather  long;  the 
trochanter  is  large,  and  bears  a  very  long  hair;  tarsus  curved,  and 
about  half  as. long  as  the  tibia;  upper  digitules  fine  hairs,  lower  pair 
long  and  dilated  at  the  end.  Abdominal  cleft  moderate;  anogenital 
ring  with  several  hairs.  The  margin  of  the  body  bears  a  rofr  of  spiny 
hairs. 

Female  of  the  second  stage  yellow,  flattish,  elliptical;  length  about 
jV  of  an  inch.  Antennae  6-jointed. 

Larva  yellow,  flat,  elliptical.     Antennae  6-jointed. 
Male  unknown. 

On  ferns,  orange,  coffee,  pomegranates,  and  alligator  pears  at  quar- 
antine. 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  29 

This  species  was  very  destructive  to  the  coffee  plantations  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  but  since  the  introduction  of  the  ladybird  Crypto- 
Issmus  montrouzieri  from  California  it  has  been  cleaned  out. 

Pulvinaria  rhois  Ehrh. 

Female. — Found  on  limbs  and  under  side  of  leaves,  single  and  in 
clusters.  Length  of  female  with  ovisac,  about  9  mm.,  width  about  3.5 
mm.;  scale  brown,  largely  covered  with  white  secretion,  ovisac  snow- 
white,  distinctly  grooved  longitudinally,  sometimes  curved,  sometimes 
lifting  scale  off  limb;  scale  shrunken,  broadly  oval,  clay  color.  Female 
before  forming  ovisac  something  like  Coccus  hesperidum,  but  more  con- 
vex, reddish  brown;  anal  plates  distinct;  dorsum  covered  with  white, 
waxy  secretion  in  rows,  the  mesal  row  has  the  largest  secretions,  and 
they  diminish  in  size  as  they  approach  the  margin;  edge  of  scale  has 
short,  simple  hairs;  in  each  anterior  incision  is  a  large  spine,  with  a 
short  one  on  each  side.  Anal  plates  yellowish  brown,  longer  than 
broad,  forming  a  diamond  when  closed;  two  very  small  spines  at  tip; 
anogenital  ring  with  six  long  hairs;  rostral  loop  reaching  to  middle 
pair  of  legs.  Antennae  8-jointed;  formula:  3(124)5867.  Joints 
much  the  longest,  joints  2,  4,  5,  and  6  each  with  long  hair,  joint  8  with 
several  hairs.  Legs  ordinary,  coxa  and  trochanter  very  stout,  tarsus 
half  as  long  as  femur;  tarsal  digitules  long  fine  hairs  with  knobs. 

Larva. — Light  yellow,  flattish,  elliptical,  about  0.5  mm.  long. 
Male.— Small,  oval,  black,  with  numerous  pale,  wart-like  prominences. 
On  Rhus  diversiloba. 

Ceroplastes  eirripediformis  Comst. 

(Barnacle  Scale.) 

Adult  Female. — Average  length  5  mm.,  width  4  mm.,  height  4  mm. 
When  naked  the  color  is  dark  reddish  brown;  the  shape  sub-globular; 
with  a  strong  spine-like  projection  at  the  anal  end  of  the  body.  The 
waxy  covering  is  dirty  white,  mottled  with  several  shades  of  grayish  or 
light  brown,  and  even  in  the  oldest  specimens  retains  the  division  into 
plates,  although  the  form  is  more  rounded  and  the  dividing  line  by  no 
means  as  distinct  as  at  an  earlier  age.  There  are  visible  a  large  convex 
dorsal  plate,  and  apparently  six  lateral,  each  with  a  central  nucleus; 
the  anal  plate,  however,  is  larger,  and  shows  two  nuclei,  and  is  evi- 
dently two  plates  joined  together.  Antenna?  6-jointed.  Legs  long; 
tibiae  nearly  twice  as  long  as  tarsi;  digitules  of  the  claw  very  large. 
The  other  tarsal  pair  very  long  and  slender,  but  with  a  very  large 
button.  The  skin  is  seen  in  places  to  be  furnished  with  many  minute, 
round,  transparent  cellules,  probably  spinnerets,  and  along  the  border 


30 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OP    HORTICULTURE. 


are  small  groups  of  constricted  arrow-shaped  tubercles,  but  there  are  no 
bristle-shaped  spinnerets. 

On  pepper-tree. 

Ceroplastes  floridensis  Comst. 
(Florida  Wax  Scale.) 

Adult  Female.— Sub-globular  in  form,  the  point  of  attachment  to  the 
twig  or  leaf  being  concave.  Length,  from  2.5  mm.  to  3  mm.  Color, 
when  naked,  reddish  brown;  covered  with  an  apparently  homogeneous 


FIG.  11.  Ceroplastes  cirripediformis 
(Barnacle  Scale).  Branch  in- 
fested with  scale,  a,  female, 
much  enlarged. 


FIG.  12.  Ceroplastes  floridensis  (Florida  Wax 
Scale),  a,  young  female;  6,  adult  female, 
much  enlarged. 


layer  of  waxy  excretion,  which  is  usually  brownish  on  the  dorsum  and 
dirty  white  toward  the  edges ;  some  specimens  are  irregularly  mottled 
brownish  and  yellow-white.  Antennae  6-jointed,  joint  3  nearly  as  long 
as  all  the  others  together.  Legs  normal  in  all  respects.  The  margin 
of  the  body  in  the  region  of  the  stigmata  is  furnished  with  groups  of 
minute  arrow-shaped  tubercles,  constricted  at  the  base,  and  between 
these  groups  are  bristle-shaped  spinnerets. 

On  citrus,  mango.     (At  quarantine.) 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  31 

Ceroplastes  irregularis  Ckll. 

In  certain  sections  this  Ceroplastes  can  be  found  very  abundant  on 
sagebrush  in  the  foothills,  but  has  not  attacked  any  other  host  plant  as 
yet,  and  has  been  known  in  California  for  a  great  many  years.  One 
'other  species  has  attacked  a  pepper-tree  in  this  State,  but  the  tree  was 
cut  down  and  burned  and  its  presence  has  not  again  been  noticed. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  it  was  discovered  in  a  section  where  the  strictest 
inspection  is  maintained,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  it  will  not  gain  a  foot- 
hold. 

Ceroplastes  ceriferus  Anderson. 

(White  Wax  Scale.) 

Female. — Test  of  adult  female  white  or  yellowish  white,  waxy,  convex, 
thick;  frequently  agglomerated  in  large  masses  covering  the  twigs  of 
the  food-plant  (as  shown  in  Fig.  13).  Separate  individuals  may  range  in 
size  from  i-  to  -J  of  an  inch.  Marginal  tuberosities  not  distinguishable, 
though  the  margin  is  sometimes  slightly  flattened  and  irregular.  The 
apex  of  the  test  is  sometimes  pro- 
duced in  a  short  pointed  horn,  not 
erect  but  bent  over  the  test.  The 
wax  is  rather  soft  and  greasy. 

Test  Of    the   Second   Stage   slightly        FIG.  13.    Ceroplastes  ctrif  eras  (White  Wax  Scale). 

convex,   elliptical;    color  grayish  infesting  camellia, 

white.  Median  dorsal  region  usually  smooth,  separated  by  a  narrow 
depression  from  the  marginal  region,  which  exhibits  eight  tuberesities, 
three  on  each  side  and  two  terminal.  Average  length  of  test  about 
y  of  an  inch. 

Adult  female  brown,  very  convex,  elliptical,  hollow  beneath.  Form 
lecanid,  but  the  anal  cleft  and  lobes  are  not  easily  made  out,- being 
contained  in  a  conspicuous  cylindrical  "  tail "  or  prolongation  of  the 
abdomen.  Antennae  6-jointed,  joint  3  being  much  the  longest.  Feet 
rather  thick,  but  not  at  all  atrophied;  tibia  scarcely  longer  than  the 
tarsus;  upper  or  tarsal  digitules  slender  knobbed  hairs,  lower  pair  on 
the  claw  rather  long,  thick,  and  expanded  at  the  end.  Rostrum  rather 
large;  mentum  doubtfully  dimerous.  Near  the  spiracles,  on  each 
margin,  is  a  group  containing  eight  large  conical  spines  and  about 
twenty-four  smaller  ones.  Epidermis  bearing  many  circular  spinneret 
orifices.  When  the  "tail "is  subjected  to  the  action  of  potash  and 
subsequent  pressure  it  is  seen  to  contain  at  its  extremity  the  abdominal 
lobes  and  the  anogenital  ring,  which  has  six  rather  strong  hairs. 

Female  of  the  second  stage  brown,  elliptical,  slightly  convex.  Form 
lecanid,  exhibiting  the  normal  cleft  and  lobes;  there  is  no  "tail,"  but 
the  region  surrounding  the  lobes  is  thickened.  Antennae  and  feet  as  in 


32  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

the  adult,  but  the  feet  are  more  slender.  The  margin  bears  a  row  of 
very  fine  spiny  hairs,  and  four  spiracular  groups  of  large  conical  spines. 
There  are  many  small  circular  spinnerets  on  the  epidermis. 

Larva  yellow,  elliptical,  flattish;  length  about  TV  of  an  inch.  Form 
normally  lecanid,  the  anal  lobes  bearing  long  setae.  Antennae  thick, 
with  six  rather  confused  joints. 

Male  unknown. 

On  camellia.     (In  greenhouse.) 

I  have  often  met  with  this  scale  on  many  plants  from  Japan  at  the 
quarantine  station  in  San  Francisco.  Judging  from  the  number  found 
infested  it  must  be  plentiful  in  that  country.  The  camellia  on  which  I 
found  it  in  California  was  in  a  Japanese  nursery,  and  was  promptly 
destroyed. 

Eucalymanatus  perforates  News. 

Adult  female. — Irregularly  oval,  bluntly  acuminate  in  front,  broadly 
rounded  behind;  sometimes  almost  dull  colored;  usually  asymmetrical; 
flattish;  median  area  very  slightly  convex,  margins  very  thin.  Under 

surface  flat;  a  small  hollow  on 
each  side  of  abdomen.  Color 
dark  castaneous,  paling  to 
fulvous  or  greenish  yellow  at 
margin.  Dorsal  area  divided 
into  numerous  irregular 

FIG.  14.    Eucalymanatus  perforatus.    Section  of  palm      plates,    forming    ail    intricate 
leaf  infested  with  scale. 

marqueterie   pattern,  more 

conspicuous  after  treatment  to  potash.  The  pattern  is  roughly  but 
not  absolutely  symmetrical  on  the  two  sides  of  a  median  line.  The 
number  of  separate  tesserae  vary  slightly  in  different  individuals  by 
the  confluence  of  adjoining  plate,  but  the  main  plan  is  constant,  viz., 
four  series  on  each  side  of  the  median  line,  indicated  on  the  surface 
by  a  series  of  depressed,  irregularly  polygonal  spaces,  divided  by  slight 
carinae.  Dermal  cells  numerous  but  ill-defined,  irregularly  oval,  groups 
of  them  often  forming  irregular  rosettes;  but  there  is  also  near  the 
margin  of  each  plate,  more  particularly  on  those  of  the  median  series, 
a  series  of  minute  translucent  pores,  bearing  a  fanciful  resemblance  to 
rivet  holes  for  the  attachment  of  armor  plates.  Eyes  minute,  black, 
marginal.  Marginal  hairs  small,  simple.  Submarginal  tubercles  five 
to  seven  on  each  side.  Stigmatic  clefts  with  three  (rarely  four)  stout 
spines,  the  median  one  longest  and  projecting  beyond  the  margin 
Anal  cleft  rather  more  than  one  quarter  the  total  length  of  the  insect 
Scales  of  anal  operculum  together  forming  a  square,  their  extremities 
rather  acutely  pointed.  Anal  ring  with  six  hairs;  two  or  three  stout 


THE  COCCID.E  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


PLATE  IV. 


FIG.  1.    Eucalymnaius  perforatus,  dorsal 
aspect. 


FIG.  2.    Coccus  hesperidum,  ventral  aspect, 


FIG.  3.    Saissetia  olete.    a,  foreleg;  b,  anal  plates  ;  c,  spiracular 
hairs;  d,  antennae;  e,  Saissetia  olese,  ventral  aspect. 


C.  T.  P.,  del. 


DETAILS  OF  CALIFORNIA  COCCID^. 


34 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 


hairs,  each  surmounting  a  small  conical  tubercle,  on  each  side  of  ven- 
tral aperture.  Antennae  with  eight  joints,  the  divisions  between  third 
and  fourth  often  very  indistinct,  division  between  seventh  and  eighth 
diagonal;  formula  variable,  joint  8  always  considerably  the  longest, 
joints  6  and  7  shortest,  joints  2  to  5  subequal.  Legs  rather  small  but 
well  developed;  tarsus  shorter  than  tibia;  digitules  normal.  Length, 
3  to  4.75  mm.;  breadth,  2  to  3  mm. 

Young   larvae  crowded  beneath  the  body  of   the  parent,   which  is 
apparently  ovoviviparous. 

Male  unknown. 

On  palms.     (In  hothouses.) 

Coccus  hesperidum  Linn. 

Adult  Female.  —  Bright  yellow  or  greenish  yellow,  minutely   specked 
by    red-brown,  with  specks   sometimes   agglomerated   into   transverse 

bars,  especially  on  the  median  ab- 
dominal regions;  in  other  parts 
tending  to  form  dotted  lines  radi- 
ating from  center  to  margin.  Dried 
specimens  straw  colored  and  much 
wrinkled.  Form  oblong-oval,  often 
very  irregular  in  outline;  narrowest 
in  front;  more  or  less  convex  above, 
according  to  age.  Eyes  minute, 
black,  marginal.  Stigmatic  clefts 
with  three  spines;  the  median  one 
very  long  and  pointed,  projecting 
well  beyond  margin.  Marginal 
hairs  simple,  pointed;  rarely  a  few, 
more  particularly  at  posterior  ex- 
tremity, divided  or  frayed  at  tip. 
Submarginal  tubercles,  four  to  five 
on  each  side.  Scales  of  anal  oper- 
culum  with  outer  edge  slightly 
longer  than  base;  the  latter  slightly 
concave  in  outline.  Derm  cells  scat- 
tered, small,  circular,  inconspicu- 
ous. Antennae  7- jointed;  formula: 
(37)42165.  Legs  normal.  Anal 
Length,  2.25  to  3.50  mm.;  breadth,  1.25  to 


FIG.  15.    Coccus  hesperidum  (Soft  Orange  Scale). 
An  orange  branch  thickly  infested. 


ring  with  eight  stout  hairs. 
2.50  mm. 

The  insect  is  ovoviviparous;  living  larvae  are  usually  found  beneath 
the  body  of  the  parent. 


THE  COCCIDAE  OP  CALIFORNIA.  35 

On  orange,  lemon,  grape-fruit,  oleander,  ivy,  myrtle,  and  various  other 
plants. 

This  scale  at  one  time  was  considered  quite  a  pest  by  the  citrus-grow- 
ers of  this  State,  and  is  commonly  known  as  the  soft  orange  scale.  It 
is  completely  held  in  check  by  internal  parasites  and  is  not  considered 

a  pest  now. 

/ 

Coccus  ventralis  Ehrh. 

Scale  of  'Female.  —  About  4^  mm.  long,  3  mm.  broad,  1  mm.  high.  Oval 
when  seen  from  above.  Soft  texture,  very  much  like  C.  hesperidum; 
light  brown,  not  very  convex,  and  a  dark  brown  border  near  margin. 
Dorsum  pitted  and  margin  moderately  wrinkled,  an  indistinct  mesial 
ridge. 

Female.  —  Color  greenish  yellow,  with  a  brown  longitudinal  line  on 
the  dorsum,  also  two  brown  lines  forming  a  double  cross  with  the  dorsal 
line,  more  or  less  wrinkled  and  pitted.  Ventral  view  shows  the 
abdomen  a  dark  purple  brown  with  very  distinct  segmentations. 
Viviparous. 

After  boiling  in  soda,  derm  colorless.  Margin  with  small  curved 
spines.  Lateral  incisions  with  long,  stout,  curved  spine  and  two  shorter 
ones.  Anal  plates  large,  with  blunt  tips,  bearing  several  hairs  and 
notched  on  outer  margin,  together  forming  a  square.  Each  plate  has  a 
distinct  brown  projection  into  the  body.  Anogenital  ring  with  six 
hairs,  which  are  very  long,  extending  two  thirds  over  the  plates.  Legs 
stout,  coxa  and  femur  each  with  a  stout  hair;  femur  one  third  longer 
than  tibia.  Tarsal  digitules  long,  knobbed  hairs,  digitules  of  claw 
broad  and  thick.  Claw  stout  and  curved.  Antennae  7-jointed;  formula: 
3472  I  (56).  Joints  1  and  2  with  two  hairs  each,  4,  5,  6,  and  7  with 
several  hairs;  joint  3  very  little  longer  than  4;  5  and  6  subequal. 

Larva  lemon-yellow,  very  flat,  shiny,  oval,  about  twice  as  long  as 
broad. 

On  tuberous  plants  (in  Japanese  garden). 

Parasites:  Encyrtus  flavus  and  Coccnphagus  lecanii  were  reared  from 
this  species. 

Eulecanium  armeniacum  Craw. 

(Apricot  and  Prune  Scale.) 
Adult  Female.  —  Color  light  brown.     In  shape  resembles  Coccus  hesper- 


j  but  is  much  larger  and  more  convex.  In  the  center  of  the  dorsum 
is  a  prominent  shining  circular  protuberance,  from  which  radiate  a 
number  of  small  ridges;  these  are  more  noticeable  upon  the  posterior 
half  of  the  scale.  From  the  convex  center  to  the  anus  is  a  low  carina, 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OP    HORTICULTURE. 


also  noticeable  in  front.     Length,  from  .20  to  .27  of  an  inch;  width 
from  .12  to  .15  of  an  inch;  height,  from  .05  to  .10  of  an  inch.    Antennae 
tapering  to  the  point,  7-jointed;  joints  1  and  3  subequal;  joint  2  nearly 
three  times  as  long  as  joint  1;    joint  4  slightly  longer  than  joints  5  and 

6;  joint  7  is  nearly  same  as  joint  3,  and 
tapers  to  a  point;  a  few  bristles  at  the 
tip  and  upon  each  joint. 

Eggs. — These  are  smaller  and  lighter 
colored  than  Saissetia  olete. 

Larvse. — Are  long,  oval,  light  yellow, 
darker  down  the  center,  and  can  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  larvae  of  olex  in  not 
having  the  four  reddish-brown  marks 
upon  the  dorsum. 

Like  other  species  of  Eulecanium  that 
produce  but  one  generation  a  year,  their 
development  is  slow.  They  generally 
hatch  in  June  and  locate  upon  the  leaves, 
where  they  go  through  their  molt,  and 
then  move  to  the  young  wood.  In  the 
spring  they  grow  rapidly  and  throw  off 
great  quantities  of  excrement,  into  which 
the  spores  of  the  black  smut  (Fumago 
salicina)  adhere  and  grow,  injuring  the 
health  of  the  tree  and  the  market  value 
of  the  fruit. 

On  apricot,  prune,  plum,  cherry, .peach, 
pear. 

This  species  is  commonly  known  in  this  State  as  the  brown  apricot 
scale  and  is  usually  associated  with  E.  pruinosum.  The  parasite  Comys 
fusca  has  held  this  scale  in  subjection  for  many  years,  usually  accom- 
plishing the  work  the  second  year  after  a  colony  has  been  liberated. 


FIG.  16.  Eulecanium  armemacum  (Brown 
Apricot  Scale).  Showing  scales  on 
prune  branch ;  about  natural  size. 


Eulecanium  cerasorum  Ckll. 

This  pest  was  first  noticed  in  this  State  in  1904,  a  party  having 
brought  in  a  branch  of  English  walnut  which  was  quite  thickly  infested 
with  the  scale.  Since  then  it  has  been  found  on  pear  trees.  Dr.  Howard 
kindly  verified  my  identification  of  the  specimen  sent  at  that  time  as 
Eulecanium  cemsorum.  In  tracing  back  the  introduction  of  this  pest  I 
find  it  came  from  Japan  on  an  ornamental  plant,  which  was  planted 
under  the  walnut  tree  above  mentioned. 


THE  COCCUS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


PLATE  V. 


V 


a,  spiracular  hairs;  b,  antennoe;  c,  hind  leg;  d,  anal  plate:  e,  anus. 


C.  T.  P ,  del. 


DETAILS  OF  CALIFORNIA  COCCID^. 


38  CALIFORNIA    STATE     COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

Euleeanium  crawii  Ehrh. 

Female. — Scales  not  crowding  each  other;  hemispherical,  about  3  mm. 
long,  2  mm.  broad,  and  1^  mm.  high;  oval,  shiny,  brown,  getting  darker 
with  age.  Margin  generally  lighter  than  dorsum. 

Before  gestation  light  brown,  shiny.  Derm,  by  transmitted  light, 
brown,  with  numerous  oval  gland-orifices.  Marginal  hairs  very  short 
and  slender.  Lateral  incisions  each  with  three  stout  but  not  long 
spines.  Antennae  7-jointed;  joint  3  longest,  twice  as  long  as  4;  joints 
5  and  6  very  short,  joints  1  and  2  about  equal.  Formula:  3  4  7  (1  2)  5  6. 
Anal  plates  broad,  but  not  very  large.  Anogenital  ring  with  six 
moderately  slender  hairs.  Legs  quite  stout;  coxa  and  femur  with  stout 
hair;  femur  very  little  longer  than  tibia;  tibia  and  tarsus  about  equally 
long.  Claw  stout  and  curved.  Tarsal  digitules  moderately  stout, 
knobbed  hairs.  Digitules  of  claw  not  stout,  a  little  longer  than  claw, 
more  or  less  club-shaped. 

Larva  light  yellow,  with  distinct  ridge  on  dorsum,  dividing  scale 
lengthwise.  Oval,  about  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Rostral  loop  extending 
to  third  pair  of  legs. 

On  Acer  macrophyllum. 

Parasite:   Comysfusca  was  reared  from  this  species. 

Euleeanium  pruinosum  Coq. 
(Frosted  Scale.) 

Adult  Female. — Pale  brownish,  thinly  covered  with  a  whitish 
powder,  which  does  not  conceal  the  ground  color.  Body  oblong  in  out- 


FIG.  17.    Euleeanium  pruinosum  (Frosted  Scale).     On  prune;  about 
natural  size 

line,  very  convex  above,  not  distinctly  carinate,  the  surface  very  uneven. 
Margins  nearly  perpendicular;  dimensions  as  follows:  Largest  speci- 
mens, length,  .28  of  an  inch;  width,  a  trifle  over  .20  of  an  inch;  height, 
.12  of  an  inch.  Smallest  full-grown  specimen,  length,  .16  of  an  inch; 
width,  .12  of  an  inch;  height,  .08  of  an  inch.  Antennae  much  thickest 
at  the  base,  7-jointed;  joint  6  the  shortest,  then  5,  then  1  and  2,  which 
are  subequal  in  length;  joints  3,  4,  and  7  are  also  subequal  in  length, 
each  nearly  twice  as  long  as  6;  joint  7  tapers  to  the  tip,  and  is  furnished 
with  a  style,  being  about  three  fourths  as  long  as  this  joint;  anal  cleft 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  39 

and  lobes  normal.     The  eggs  are  of  the  usual  ovoid  form  of  the  Euleca- 
niums,  and  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  and  are  laid  in  May,  June,  and  July. 

Larvse. — A  few  weeks  after  the  eggs  are  deposited,  the  larvae  hatch 
out  from  under  the  old  scale;  they  are  of  a  pale  color,  having  a  distinct 
dorsal  ridge  extending  the  entire  length  of  the  body,  and  with  many 
smaller  ones  (about  twenty-four  on  each  side)  extending  from  it  to  the 
margin,  some  of  them  being  divided  into  two  branches. 

The  larvae  as  soon  as  hatched  locate  upon  the  leaves;  their  develop- 
ment is  slow  until  they  take  up  their  position  upon  the  under  side  of 
the  young  shoots,  where  they  remain  throughout  the  winter,  and,  in 
fact,  the  balance  of  their  lives.  Upon  the  ascent  of  the  sap  in  the 
spring  they  grow  rapidly,  and  in  April  they  assume  the  characteristic 
powdery  or  frosted  appearance  peculiar  to*  this  species. 

On  apricot,  peach,  prune,  plum,  pear,  apple,  rose,  grapevine,  haw- 
thorn, and  occasionally  on  orange. 

This  scale  was  first  observed  in  California  in  1887  on  apricot.  Sev- 
eral species  of  C '  occinellidas  attack  the  young  of  this  scale,  also  other 
predaceous  insects,  and  have  succeeded  in  keeping  this  species  from 
becoming  troublesome. 

Eulecanium  pubescens  Ehrh. 

Female. — Scale  about  4  mm.  long,  2-|  mm.  broad,  and  2  mm.  high, 
moderately  soft,  before  gestation  covered  with  very  soft  hair.  Color 
blackish  brown,  more  on  the  black,  with  a  yellow  longitudinal  band  on 
the  dorsum.  Dorsum  pitted  and  margin  slightly  wrinkled.  Some 
specimens  show  a  lighter  color.  When  removed  from  twig  the  insect 
leaves  a  small  amount  of  white  powder.-  Derm,  by  transmitted  light, 
colorless,  except  margin,  which  is  light  brown,  with  numerous  small 
round  gland-pores.  Margin  with  a  double  row  of  minute  simple  spines, 
lateral  incisions  with  one  moderately  stout  spine  and  two  short  ones. 
Anal  plates  large,  outer  corner  forming  a  right  angle,  with  several  hairs 
at  tip,  and  a  long,  stout  hair  on  each  plate.  Anogenital  ring  with  six 
long,  stout  hairs.  Legs  slender;  tibia  and  tarsus  about  equal;  femur 
a  little  longer  than  tibia;  coxa,  trochanter,  and  femur  each  with  a 
hair.  Claw  curved,  with  slender  knobbed  digitules.  Tarsal  digitules 
with  very  fine,  long,  knobbed  hairs.  Antennae  7-jointed;  formula: 
43(12)7(56).  Joint  4  very  little  longer  than  3;  joints  1,  2,  4,  6 
each  with  a  hair;  joint  7  with  several  hairs. 

Male. — Scale  glassy  white  with  median  ridge,  about  1^  mm.  long. 
Body  dark  red-brown;  legs  and  antennae  light  brown.  Wings  extend 
one  third  beyond  body;  color  iridescent.  Thorax  with  two  elevated 
ridges  much  darker  than  body.  Antennae  very  hairy. 

On  Quercus  sp. 


40 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 


Eulecanium  tulipiferae  Cook. 

This  species  is  known  as  the  "soft  tulip  scale,"  and  is  quite  a  serious  pest 
in  the  East.  It  was  first  noticed  in  California  in  1905,  but  had 
evidently  been  here  for  some  time,  as  I  found  quite  an  extensive  area 
infested.  The  species  seems  to  confine  its  attack  to  cherry  trees,  usually 
on  the  under  side  of  the  larger  lowest  limbs. 

This  is  a  very  large  Eulecanium  (?),  dark  brown  in  color,  about  -$  of  an 
inch  high  and  of  about  the  same  width.  The  scale  has  a  rather  frosted 
appearance,  in  this  respect  somewhat  resembling  E.  pruinosum,  only 
much  larger.  There  are  two  distinct  irregular,  black  longitudinal  lines 
on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  scale.  Steps  were  immediately  taken  to 
control  its  further  spread  and  to  eradicate  the  present  infestation. 

Saissetia  hemisphserica  Targ. 
(  Hemispherical   Scale. ) 

Adult  Female. — Shape  approaching   hemispherical,   with   the   edges 

flattened.  Average  length,  3.5  mm.; 
width,  3  mm.;  height,  2  mm.  The 
shape  and  proportion  vary  some- 
what, according  as  the  scale  is  formed 
upon  a  leaf  or  twig.  Upon  the  rounded 
twig  it  loses  something  of  its  hemi- 
spherical form,  becomes  more  elon- 
gate, and  its  flattened  edges  are  bent 
downward,  clasping  the  twig.  The 
color  varies  from  a  very  light  brown 
when  young  to  a  dark  brown,  occa- 
sionally slightly  tinged  with  reddish, 
when  old.  The  oval  cells  of  the  skin 
vary  in  length  from  .01  mm.  to 
.04  mm.;  and  each  cell  contains  a 
large  granular  nucleus.  The  antennae 
are  8-jointed,  with  joints  1  and  2  short 
and  thick;  joint  3  is  the  longest,  and 
the  succeeding  joints  decrease  gradu- 
ally in  length  to  joint  8,  which  is 
longer  than  the  preceding.  The  legs 
are  long  and  rather  slender.  The 
bristle  on  the  trochanter  is  long.  The 
articulation  of  the  tarsi  is  very  well 
marked.  The  tarsal  digitules  are,  as 
usual,  two  long  and  two  short;  those  of  the  claws  spreading  widely  at 
summit  and  very  stout  at  the  base.  The  anogenital  ring  is  furnished 
with  eight  long  hairs.  The  anal  plates  are  triangular,  with  rounded 


FIG.  18.  Saissetia  hemisphxrica  (Hemi- 
spherical Scale).  On  orange,  a,  female, 
greatly  enlarged. 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


41 


corners,  and  are  furnished  with  two  long  hairs  upon  the  disk  and  three 
much  shorter  ones  at  the  tip. 

On  orange,  lemon,  grape-fruit,  oleander,  pepper,  ferns,  sago  palms,  etc. 

The  parasite  Scutellista  cy tinea  also  attacks  this  species,  and  where  it 
is  found  in  the  open  holds  it  in  subjection. 

Saissetia  olese   Bern. 
(Black  Scale.) 

Adult  Female. — Densely  chitinous;  dark  brown,  almost  black  in 
color,  surface  roughened  and  minutely  specked  with  small  grayish 
waxy  granules. 
Form  highly  con- 
vex; length,  4  to 
5  mm.;  height, 
3  mm.  Dor  sum 
with  a  median  lon- 
gitudinal carina, 
and  two  trans- 
verse carinse,  the 
latter  dividing  the 
body  into  three 
subequal  portions; 
frequently  the  lon- 
gitudinal ridge  is 
more  prominent 
between  the  trans- 
verse ridges  than 
elsewhere,  thus 
forming  with  them 
a  raised  surface  of 
the  form  of  a  cap- 
ital H.  Eyes  incon- 
spicuous. Scales 
of  anal  operculum 
pointed  at  extremities;  outer  edge  rounded;  base  straight  or  slightly 
concaved;  outer  edge  twice  length  of  base.  Marginal  hairs  rather  long; 
extremity  dilated  and  often  deeply  divided.  Submarginal  tubercles 
six  on  each  side.  No  stigmatic  cleft.  Stigmatic  spines  three,  promi- 
nent and  sharply  pointed,  the  median  spine  nearly  four  times  the 
length  of  the  others.  Antennae  with  eight  joints,  of  which  the  third  is 
always  the  longest.  Legs  rather  slender;  tarsus  about  three  fourths 
length  of  tibia;  digitules  of  claw  rather  long.  Dermal  cells  large,  irreg- 
ular polygonal,  with  rounded  angles j  the  margin  of  each  cell  distinctly 

4-c  Xf^HRAi^^ 

f  or  THf          A 

UNIVERSITY 


FIG.  19.  Saissetia  oiex  (Black  Scale).  On  olive  branch,  showing  the 
larvae  of  the  ladybird  Rhizobius  ventralis  at  work  destroying  the 
scales. 


42  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

marked  on  the  surface.  On  the  denser  marginal  area  the  cavities  of 
the  cells  are  filled  with  a  dark  brown  deposit,  and  (in  very  old  scales) 
all  the  cells  may  be  similarly  darkened. 

Early  adult  female  and  female  of  second  stage  dull  pale  brownish 
yellow. 

Mule  Puparium  (observed  in  California). — Grayish  color,  but  almost 
colorless;  length,  1  to  1.5  mm.;  width,  from  .5  to  .8  mm.;  very  glassy; 
oval.  Dorsum  with  distinct  longitudinal  carina  and  two  delicate 
transverse  carinse. 

Winged  Male. — Orange  color,  with  lighter-colored  wings;  length  of 
body,  exclusive  of  style,  1.2  mm.;  style,  A  mm.;  anal  plates,  .5  mm. 
Antennae  10-jointed;  the  first  three  joints  are  short,  the  second  is 
swollen  and  pyriform,  the  fourth  is  longest  and  equal  to  the  first  three 
in  length;  balance  of  joints  gradually  diminish  in  size.  Entire  length 
of  antennae,  .55  mm.;  wings,  1.1  mm.  Legs  slender  and  about  .8  mm. 
in  length.  Eyes  six  in  number — two  anterior  compound,  two  ocelli  at 
sides  of  head,  and  two  compound  eyes  at  posterior  part  of  head.  (B.  W. 
Griffith.) 

On  orange,  lemon,  grape-fruit,  olive,  peach,  prune,  plum,  apricot, 
apple,  pear,  pomegranate,  oleander,  rose,  and  many  other  plants. 

In  California  the  males  begin  to  issue  from  the  pupae  the  latter  part 
of  November.  I  have  male  pupae  before  me  now  that  were  collected 
the  first  of  November  last  year. 

This^is  the  "black  scale"  of  the  olive  and  orange,  although  it  has  a 
great  range  of  food  plants  and  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed 
scales  of  California,  being  found  practically  in  almost  every  section.  An 
internal  parasite,  Scutellitsta  cyanea,  introduced  a  few  years  ago  from 
South  Africa,  has  in  many  cases  completely  controlled  this  pest  and  is 
swiftly  robbing  it  of  its  terror.  The  ladybird  enemy,  Rhizobius  ventralis, 
has  for  many  years  done  excellent  work  against  this  pest  and  in  certain 
favorable  localities  has  held  it  in  subjection. 

Aclerda  californiea  Ehrh. 

Female. — Covered  with  wax  resting  on  a  thin  white  secretion.  Color 
orange-ferruginous,  shiny,  varying  greatly  in  size  and  shape.  The 
average  specimens  are  about  3  mm.  long,  1^  mm.  wide,  arid  1  mm.  high; 
generally  pyriform,  but  it  is  difficult  to  give  any  special  form,  as  the 
insect  adapts  itself  to  the  position  on  the  plant.  After  boiling  in 
KHO  derm  is  colorless,  mouth  parts,  glands,  and  caudal  portion 
remaining  brown.  There  are  indications  of  antennae,  which  are  very 
small  and  very  bristly,  segmentation  not  visible.  There  are  four  large 
disk-like  spiracles  on  the  ventral  surface;  each  disk  contains  numerous 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  43 

glands.  There  is  a  row  of  thick,  blunt  spines  on  each  margin,  and  one 
on  the  dorsum.  These  marginal  spines  are  shaped  like  a  spearhead  set 
in  a  socket.  With  these  there  are  several  rows  of  round  spinnerets. 
Rostrum  attached  to  a  prominence,  which,  however,  varies  with  the 
position  the  insect  adopts.  End  of  abdomen  strongly  chitinized,  with 
the  margin  strongly  crenate  and  plicate,  and  deeply  cleft  in  the  middle 
as  in  Eulecanium.  Numerous  round  glands  scattered  near  its  margin, 
and  several  strong  spines  on  margin  at  intervals.  Anal  ring  with 
numerous  (eight?)  stout  hairs.  On  the  ventral  surface  opposite  the 
anal  ring  there  is  a  round  projection  with  four  stout  spines.  This  i& 
inserted  in  the  cleft  of  the  anal  lobes. 

On  roots  of  bunch-grass. 

Physokermes  insignieola  Craw. 

This  is  a  large,  almost  spherical  dark  brownish-black  scale  which 
infests  the  Monterey  pines  (Pinus  insignis).  When  a  tree  becomes 
infested  it  presents  a  sickly, 
stunted  appearance,  with  scant 
foliage,  and  is  covered  with 
honey-dew  and  black  fungus. 

The  Scales  Cluster  very  thickly          FIG.  20.    Physokermes  msignicola,  a  large,  almost 
around   the    Small    Sho6ts    and  black,  spherical  scale,  infesting  the  Monterey 

usually   at     the    tip     of    the 

branches.  They  are  oviparous,  with  but  one  generation  a  year.  The 
young  are  elongated,  dark  brown  in  color,  with  a  short  fringe  along  the 
edges  and  a  deep  abdominal  cleft.  As  soon  as  they  hatch  they  attack 
the  tender  pine  shoots,  afterwards  removing  to  the  harder  wood,  where 
they  locate  permanently. 

The  Rhizobius  ventralis  (Coccinellid)  and  an  internal  parasite  do 
good  work  toward  controlling  the  ravages  of  this  pest.  In  isolated 
cases,  however,  where  the  insect  enemies  of  this  scale  have  not  made 
their  appearance,  I  have  found  many  trees  that  have  been  killed  by 
the  scale. 

Subfamily  DIASPIN^E. 

Chionaspis  ortholobis  Comst. 

(Willow  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female,—  Moderately  elongated,  broadest  near  the  middle  of 
the  scale;  dirty  white.  Exuviae  .8  mm.  long,  brown. 

Female. — Median  lobes  straight  and  parallel,  having  the  appearance 
of  being  set  closely  together;  rounded  on 'their  extremities,  sometimes 
obscurely  serrate  on  the  sides.  Second  and  third  pairs,  with  the  inner 
lobule  larger  than  the  outer, p,  little  oblique;  entire ;or  obscurely  serrate. 


44  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows:  1,  1-2,  1-2,  2,  4-5.     The  first 
one  is  small  and  blunt.     Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented 

by  the  anterior  group  con- 
sisting of  4-7  orifices. 
Third  row  with  7—9  orifices 
in  anterior  and  5-8  in  the 
posterior  group.  Fourth 
row  with  10-11  orifices  in 

FIG.  21.     Chionaspis  ortholobis.    On  section  ,,  .  j    c    r\  •       ,1 

of  willow  leaf.  the  anterior  and  5-9  in  the 

posterior    group.      Median 

group  of  circum genital  gland-orifices,  10-25;  anterior  laterals,  18-35; 
posterior  laterals,  16-24. 

Scale  of  Male. — Length,  .6  to  .8  mm.  Oval,  without  carinse;  exuviae 
pale  brown  or  almost  colorless. 

Eggs. — Dark  purple  in  color. 
On  willow. 

Chionaspis  pinifolise  Fitch. 
(The  Pine-leaf  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — Snow-white;  with  bright  orange  or  brown  exuviae, 
shape  depending  upon  width  of  leaf  or  host,  but  usually  broadened 
posteriorly  and  very  convex.  Length,  3  to  4  mm.;  length  of  exuvia 
about  1  mm. 

Scale  of  Male. — Length,  1  to  1.5  mm.  The  pale  yellow  exuvia  occu- 
pies about  one  third  the  length  of  the  tricarinate,  posteriorly  broadened 
scale. 

Female. — Three  pairs  of  well-developed,  thin,  striate  lobes;  the  median 
almost  circular  in  outline,  entire,  separated  by  about  one  third  their 
width,  slightly  diverging  at  the  apex  and  joined  anteriorly  by  an  arched 
chitinous  process.  Inner  lobule  of  second  and  third  lobes  the  larger 
and  subtruncate.  The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows:  1,  1,  1,  1, 
1-3,  becoming  shorter  toward  median  lobes.  The  spines  on  the  ventral 
surface  are  short  and  inconspicuous,  situated  over  mesad  of  the  base  of 
the  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  gland-spines  respectively.  Those  on 
the  dorsal  surface  are  longer  and  situated  mesad  of  the  corresponding 
ventral  spine.  Second  row  of  dorsal  pores  represented  by  anterior 
group  of  2-4;  third  row  by  3-5  in  anterior  and  4-6  in  posterior  group. 
Median  lobes  of  circumgenital  gland-orifices,  7-13;  anterior  laterals, 
12-20;  posterior  laterals,  14-18. 

The  eggs  are  purplish,  ellipsoidal;  length,  .25  mm. 

On  pine  and  other  coniferous  trees. 

This  species  is  held  in  check  by  an  internal  chalcid  parasite. 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  45 

Chionaspis  quercus  Comst. 
(Oak  Scale.) 

Scale,  of  Female. — Long,  narrow  at  anterior  end,  much  widened 
posteriorly,  quite  convex.  Exuviae  brownish  yellow,  remainder  of  scale 
white,  though  often  appearing  gray  from  dust  and  hairs  from  the  stem 
to  which  .the  scale  is  attached. 

Body  nf  Female. — The  last  segment  with  the  anterior  group  of  spin- 
nerets consisting  of  about  10,  the  anterior  laterals  of  from  17-20,  and 
the  posterior  laterals  of  from  10-18. 

This  species  is  peculiarly  characterized  by  having  an  undivide'd  lobe 
on  the  meson;  this  lobe  is  large  and  rounded  distally.  The  second  and 
third  lobes  of  each  side  are  very  small  and  are  laterad  of  small  incisions 
in  the  margin  of  the  segment.  In  each  case  there  is  a  reniform  thick- 
ening of  the  body  wall  bounding  each  incision  anteriorly.  There  is 
also  a  similar  incision  with  a  rudimentary  lobe  and  reniform  thickening  of 
the  body  wall  about  midway  between  third  lobe  and  the  penultimate 
segment.  The  plates  are  inconspicuous  and  spine-like;  there  are  usually 
one  or  two  laterad  of  second  ventral  spine,  two  or  three  between  third 
and  fourth  lobes,  and  usually  five  between  fourth  lobe  and  penultimate 
segment.  The  penultimate  and  antepenultimate  segments  bear  six 
each;  those  on  the  latter  are  much  expanded  at  the  base. 

The  spines  are  long  and  conspicuous;  those  on  the  dorsal  surface  are 
situated  as  follows:  One  on  each  side  at  the  base  of  the  lateral  margin 
of  median  lobe,  one  laterad  of  each  of  the  second  and  third  lobes,  and 
a  fourth  one  near  the  center  of  the  anterior  group  of  plates.  Those  on 
the  ventral  surface  are  as  follows:  A  short  one  nearly  ventrad  of  the 
first  dorsal  spine,  a  large  one  laterad  of  each  of  the  second  and  third 
dorsal  spines,  and  a  fourth  one  a  little  cephalad  of  the  fourth  dorsal 
spine. 

Scale  of  Male. — The  scale  of  the  male  is  snow-white,  with  the  larval 
skin  very  light  yellow.  The  texture  of  the  scale  is  quite  loose  and  the 
carinae  prominent.  Length,  1.25  mm. 

The  adult  male  is  as  yet  unknown.  Pupae  mounted  in  balsam  are 
bright  yellow  in  color,  with  eyes  purplish  black.  Fully  grown  male 
larvae  in  balsam  are  yellowish  brown. 

On  white  oak  (Quercus  lobata).  The  females  occur  on  the  bark  of 
small  limbs;  the  males  on  the  leaves. 

Chionaspis  wistaria  Cooley. 

Scale  of  Female. — Length,  1.8  to  2.3  mm.  Plainly  broadened  poste- 
riorly, rather  thin  in  texture,  dirty  white  in  color.  Exuviae  .8  mm. 
long,  brown. 


46  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

Female. — Median  lobes  larger  and  more  conspicuous  in  proportion  to 
the  other  lobes  than  is  usual  in  this  genus;  usually  parallel  in  general 
direction,  though  sometimes  slightly  divergent;  rounded  or  indistinctly 
pointed  at  the  extremities,  firmly  united  at  their  bases,  the  chitinous 
thickened  process  which  unites  them  extending  anteriorly  for  a  dis- 
tance about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  lobes.  Second  pair  distinct  and 
entire,  but  much  smaller  than  the  median  pair;  outer  lobule  smaller 
than  the  inner.  Third  pair  usually  obsolete,  but  sometimes  represented 
by  low  serrate  prominences.  The  gland-spines  are  arranged  as  follows: 
1,  1,  1,  1,  1-2,  2-4.  The  first  one  is  short  and  blunt,  scarcely  surpass- 
ing the  median  lobes.  Second  row  of  dorsal  gland-orifices  represented 
by  the  anterior  group  of  2-3  orifices.  Third  row  with  3-4  orifices  in 
the  anterior  and  4-5  in  the  posterior  group.  Fourth  row  with  3-4  ori- 
fices in  the  anterior  and  4-6  in  the  posterior  group.  Median  group  of 
circumgenital  gland-orifices,  8-15;  anterior  laterals,  19-31;  posterior 
laterals,  13-23. 

Scale  of  Male. — Length,  about  I  mm.  Sides  nearly  parallel,  dis- 
tinctly tricarinate.  Exuviae  yellowish  brown,  occupying  about  one  third 
of  the  length  of  the  scale. 

On  wistaria  from  Japan.     (In  quarantine.) 

Of  the  seven  species  of  Chionaxpis  found  in  California  no  single  species 
is  considered  a  real  pest.  C.  ortholobi*  may  be  found  the  most  plentiful, 
but  the  host  plant  is  not  of  much  commercial  importance.  As  to  the 
others,  they  are,  in  a  majority  of  cases,  held  in  check  by  parasites.  At 
times.  C.  pinifotix  gets  a  good  start  on  the  pines,  but  is  soon  overtaken 
by  the  parasite. 

Howardia  bielavis  Comst. 
(Mining  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — Very  nearly  circular;  the  exuviae  are  marginal, 
and  project  beyond  the  edge  of  the  scale 

Female. — The  characters  presented  by  the  last  segment  of  the  female 
are  as  unusual  as  those  presented  by  the  scale.  The  pores  on  the  dorsal 
surface  of  the  segment  are  very  small.  Scattered  over  the  ventral 
surface  are  numerous  minute  spines.  The  groups  of  spinnerets  are 
wanting.  The  mesal  lo.bes  are  large,  oblique,  nearly  twice  as  broad 
as  long;  approximate  at  the  base;  the  mesal  margins  diverge  slightly, 
distal  margin  serrate;  mesa- distal  angle  rounded  and  produced  into  a 
lobule.  The  second  lobe  is  very  small,  being  simply  an  angular  pro- 
jection of  the  body  wall.  The  third  lobe  is  about  three  times  as  wide 
as  the  second  lobe;  but  it  projects  only  a  little  beyond  the  margin  of 
the  segment.  The  plates  are  simple  and  spine-like.  There  are  two 
minute  ones  between  lobes;  two  between  first  and  second  lobes;  two  or 


THE   COCCIDAE   OP   CALIFORNIA.  47 

three  between  second  and  third  lobes;  a  group  of  three  or  four  larger 
ones  laterad  of  third  lobe;  and  another  group  of  four  or  five  still  larger 
ones  about  midway  between  this  group  and  the  penultimate  segment. 
Each  of  the  three  segments  preceding  the  last  bears  on  each  lateral 
margin  about  seven  plates.  Two  spines  accompany  each  group  of 
plates,  one  on  the  dorsal  surface  and  one  on  the  ventral.  The  first  and 
second  spines  of  each  side  are  very  small;  the  third,  which  is  between 
the  second  and  third  lobes,  is  the  largest;  the  fourth  and  fifth  are  suc- 
cessively smaller.  There  are  two  conspicuous  club-shaped  organs  which 
appear  like  thickenings  of  the  body  wall,  but  which  are  really  within 
the  body  cephalad  of  the  mesal  lobes.  These  organs  are  about  three 

times  the  length  of  the  mesal  lobes;  they  con- 
verge caudad,  and  the  cephalic  end  of  each  is 
suddenly  enlarged.  This  species  may  be  dis- 
tinguished from  any  other  known  American 
coccid  by  the  presence  of  these  organs. 


FIG.  22.    Howardia  biclavis.  FIG.  23.    Section  of  branch  showing  the  mining  habits  of  the 

(Mining  Scale.)  scale.    Greatly  enlarged. 

This  scale  is  not  to  be  found  in  California.  Occasionally  it  is  met 
with  at  quarantine,  but  is  never  permitted  to  pass,  as  the  plant  upon 
which  it  is  found  is  immediately  burned.  At  one  time  325,000  orange 
trees  infested  with  this  and  other  scales  were  burned  at  quarantine  at 
the  port  of  San  Pedro,  and  probably  it  was  owing  to  this  fact  that  it 
has  been  accredited  as  "Habitat:  California." 

Diaspis  bromelise  Kern. 
(Pineapple  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — Circular,  with  the  exuviae  nearly  marginal.  The 
scale  is  white;  the  exuviaB  are  very  light  yellow.  The  first  larval  skin 
is  usually  naked;  the  second  covered  with  a  delicate  film.  Diameter  of 
scale,  2  to  2.4  mm. 

Female. — The  body  of  the  female  is  broadly  ovate  in  outline;  it  is 
variable  in  color ;  it  is  usually  a  pale  dirty  yellow,  with  a  faint  tinge  of 
purple;  some  are  whitish  yellow,  with  irregular  pale-purplish  markings; 


48  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF     HORTICULTURE. 

and  others  are  of  a  reddish-yellow  tint.  The  last  segment  presents  the 
following  characters:  The  mesal  group  of  spinnerets  consists  of  from 
9-15,  usually  10  or  11;  the  cephalo-laterals,  of  from  20-27,  usually  23; 
the  caudo-laterals,  15-23,  usually  16  or  17.  The  mesal  lobes  are  small, 
separated  at  their  base  by  at  least  the  width  of  one  of  them,  and 
divergent.  The  second  and  third  lobes  of  each  side  are  deeply  bifur- 
cated, with  the  lobes  divergent;  in  each  case  the  lateral  lobule  is  more 
rounded  than  the  mesal  one.  The  fourth  lobe  is  present,  but  much  less 
developed  than  the  other  lobes;  the  lateral  margin  of  this  lobe  is  serrate. 

The  plates  are  simple  and  pointed.  There  are  four  or  five  plates, 
subequally  distant  from  each  other,  between  the  fourth  plate  and  the 
penultimate  segment. 

The  spines  on  each  side  of  the  ventral  surface  are  situated  as  follows : 
First  mesad  of  the  first  lobe;  second,  third,  and  fourth  laterad  of  the 
second,  third,  and  fourth  lobes,  respectively;  and  the  fifth  between  the 
seventh  and  eighth  plates.  All  the  ventral  spines  are  very  minute 
except  the  first  pair,  which  are  very  conspicuous. 

Of  the  dorsal  spines  the  first  is  very  delicate  and  is  situated  laterad 
of  the  first  lobe;  the  second  is  large  and  is  on  the  second  lobe  near  its 
lateral  margin;  the  third  and  fourth  are  laterad  of  the  third  and  fourth 
lobes,  respectively;  and  the  fifth  is  about  midway  between  the  sixth  and 
seventh  plates. 

Between  the  fifth  and  sixth  plates  there  is  a  triangular  prolongation 
of  the  body  which  bears  an  elongated  pore.  The  penultimate  and 
antepenultimate  segments  bear  plate-like  spinnerets. 

Eggs. — The  eggs  are  yellow;  those  recently  deposited  are  paler  than 
those  ready  to  hatch. 

Larva. — The  recently  hatched  larvae  are  orange  yellow,  with  the  eyes 
dark  purplish. 

Scale  of  Male. — The  scale  of  the  male  is  strongly  tricarinated;  the 
exuviae  are  yellow. 

On  pineapple.     (In  greenhouses.) 

This  species  has  been  reported  from  quarantine,  on  pineapples  (fruit) 
from  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  It  was  also  observed  on  growing  plants  in 
greenhouse. 

Diaspis  carueli  Targ. 

Scale  of  Female. — Circular,  snowy  white,  with  the  exuviae  central, 
naked  and  yellow.  Diameter  of  scale,  1  to  1.5  mm. 

Female. — Body  yellow,  circular,  slightly  elongated  posteriorly.  The 
last  segment  of  the  body  presents  the  following  characters:  The  ante- 
rior group  of  spinnerets  consists  of  about  8,  the  anterior  laterals  of 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


49 


from  10  to  16,  and  the  posterior  laterals  of  about  8.  There  are  four  lobes, 
which  are  nearly  in  a  straight  line,  the  end  of  the  body  -being  truncate- 
These  lobes  are  quite  small,  rounded  posteriorly  and  equally  distant 
from  each  other.  The  second  lobe  of  each  side  is  deeply  incised,  but  the 
lateral  lobule  is  very  small,  and  in  many  cases  concealed  by  the  margin 
of  the  segment.  Each  lateral  margin  of  the  segment  is  divided  into 
three  subequal,  more  or  less  distinct 
lobes;  each  lobe  ends  posteriorly  in  one 
or  more  lobules,  each  of  which  bears  an 
elongated  pore  on  its  dorsal  surface.  The 
plates  are  short,  and  in  some  cases  sub- 
truncate  at  extremities;  they  are  situated 
as  follows:  Two  between  median  lobes; 
two  inconspicuous  ones  laterad  of  first 
lobe  of  each  side;  two  laterad  of  second 
lobe;  usually  one  on  the  anterior  part 
of  the  first  lobe  of  the  lateral  margin; 
one  or  two  near  the  middle  of  the  second 
lobe  of  the  lateral  margin,  and  two  or 
three  on  the  third  or  anterior  lobe  of 
the  lateral  margin.  Dorsal  spines:  One 
on  first  lobe  near  lateral  margin;  one  on 
lateral  lobule  of  second  lobe;  and  one  a 
short  distance  mesad  of  the  mesal  plate 
of  each  of  the  three  lobes  of  lateral  mar- 
gin. The  ventral  spines  accompanying 
the  first  and  second  lobes  of  each  side  are 
obsolete.  There  is  one  at  the  base  of 
the  plate  of  the  first  lobe  of  the  lateral 
margin;  one  between  plates  of  second  lobe,  and  one  near  the  middle  of 
the  third  or  anterior  lobe  of  the  lateral  margin. 

Scale  of  Male. — The  male  scale  is  white,  and.  very  small,  being  only 
1  mm.  in  length;  it  is  elongated,  with  a  prominent  median  ridge;  the 
larval  skin  is  naked  and  light  yellow  in  color. 

Male. — Color  of  body  light  orange  yellow,  thoracic  band  yellow.  The 
terminal  joints  of  the  antennae  are  enlarged. 

On  juniper  (Cupressus  sp.). 

In  several  sections  this  scale  may  be  found  very  abundant  upon 
juniper,  but  seems  to  confine  its  attack  to  this  host  plant  and  Cuprestus 
sp.  It  is  not  considered  as  troublesome. 


FIG.  24.  Diaspis  carueli  (Juniper Scale). 
2,  adult  females  and  larvae  on 
branches;  2a,  female,  greatly  en- 
larged. 


50 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 


Aulacaspis  rosse  Bouche. 
(Rose  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — Circular  or  irregular,  snowy  white,  sometimes  with 
yellowish  tinge;  2.3  mm.  in  diameter;  exuviae  sublateral;  first  larval 
skin  naked,  showing  the  segmentation;  second  covered. 

Scale  of  Male. — 1.25  to  1.5  mm.  in  length;  white  and  tricarinated. 

Female. — Body  elongated;  the  antepenultimate  segment  prominently 
lobed  and  bearing  8  to  10  gland-spines.  Median  lobes  large,  approxi- 
mated at  base,  serrulate,  diverging,  attached  to  body  for  entire  length. 


FIG.  25. 


Aulacaspis  rosae  (Rose  Scale).    Branch  showing  scales  on  rose,    a,  male  scale; 
b,  female;  both  greatly  enlarged. 


Inner  lobules  of  second,  third,  and  fourth  lobes  rounder  and  larger  than 
the  other  lobule.  Fourth  lobe  nearly  obsolete."  There  is  a  gland-spine 
laterad  of  each  of  the  four  lobes,  and  2  to  4  near  penultimate  segment, 
enlarging  as  they  are  farther  removed  from  the  meson.  On  the  dorsal 
surface  the  spines  are  situated  as  follows:  one  very  small  one  on  the 
median  lobe,  and  one  slightly  larger  on  the  outer  lobe  of  the  second, 
third  and  fourth  lobes  respectively,  and  one  about  three  fourths  of  dis- 
tance to  penultimate  segment.  The  spines  on  the  ventral  surface  are 
slightly  mesad  of  the  corresponding  dorsal  ones.  Dorsal  spines  in  three 
rows;  second  row  represented  by  anterior  group  of  2-3;  third  row, 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF    CALIFORNIA.  51 

anterior  group  4-5,  posterior  group  5-6;  fourth  row,  anterior  group  4-6, 
posterior  group  6-8.  Mesad  of  second  and  third  lobes  respectively  is  an 
elongated  pore,  appearing  like  a  lobe.  Anterior  group  of  circumgenital 
gland-orifices  distinct,  rounded,  18-22;  anterior  laterals,  25-32;  pos- 
terior laterals,  26-34.  Lateral  groups  indistinctly  separated,  sometimes 
almost  continuous. 

On  rose,  blackberry,  and  raspberry,  infesting  the  canes. 

This  is  a  very  common  species  in  this  State,  and  may  be  found  on  old 
rose  bushes,  and  on  the  canes  of  blackberry  and  raspberry.  In  many 
cases  it  entirely  coats  the  cane  for  some  distance,  giving  it  the  appear- 
ance of  having  been  whitewashed.  When  remedial  measures  are  applied 
and  all  visible  scale  removed  the  horticulturist  is  somewhat  surprised 
to  again  see  the  plant  infested  in  a  short  time,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
this  species  breed  at  or  near  the  root  of  the  host  plant.  When  remedial 
measures  are  applied,  the  ground  should  be  removed  from  around  the 
base  of  the  plant  so  that  the  wash  will  reach  all  the  scale. 

Hemichionaspis  aspidistras  Sign. 
Eggs. — Reddish  fulvous.     Larca.— Pale  yellow   (newly  hatched). 

Scnle  of  Female. — Length,  1.8  to  2.6  mm.  Distinctly  broadened  pos- 
teriorly and  usually  broadly  rounded  at  the  extremity,  but  occasion  r 
ally  bluntly  pointed.  Very  thin  and  delicate  in  tissue  or  moderately 
thick  and  strong.  Pale  yellowish  brown  to  brown.  Exuiviae  .7  to  .9  mm. 
long,  of  the  same  color  as  the  secreted  portion  of  the  scale,  but  slightly 
brighter. 

Female. — The  first  four  segments  anterior  to  the  pygidium  very  pro- 
nounced, being  often  produced  at  each  side  into  a  conspicuous  protu- 
berance. The  first  and  second  pairs  of  lobes  well  developed,  third  very 
rudimentary  or  wanting.  Each  median  lobe  with  three  distinct  notches 
on  the  outer  curved  edge.  Lobules  of  the  second  lobe  long  and  narrow, 
spatulate  in  form;  edges  thickened  at  the  base.  The  gland-spines  are 
arranged  as  follows:  1,1,1,1,2-5.  As  a  rule  the  fifth  group  contains- 
2-3  spines,  although  5  have  been  observed.  The  marginal  gland" 
orifices  between  the  first  and  second  lobes,  if  situated  on  a  large,  con 
spicuous  prominence.  Second  row  of  gland-orifices  wholly  absent. 
Third  and  fourth  rows  with  2-5  orifices  in  their  posterior  groups.  An- 
terior groups  absent.  Median  group  of  circumgenital  gland-orifices, 
5-15;  anterior  laterals,  15-22;  posterior  laterals,  17-23. 

Scale  of  Male. — Length,  1  to  1.3  mm.     Exuviae  bright  yellow. 
On  Aspidistrte  larida  (in  greenhouses). 


52  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

Epidiaspis  piricola  Del  Guer. 

This  species  has  become  quite  troublesome  to  pear-growers  in  the 
Santa  Clara  Valley,  and  is  often  mistaken  for  the  San  Jose  scale.  It  is 
easily  distinguished  from  that  species  by  the  male  scale,  which  in  this 
species  is  of  an  elongated  oval  form  and  much  flattened.  A  feeble 
carina  extends  along  the  middle,  but  the  sides  are  not  carinated.  The 
color  is  white;  the  larval  skin  is  light  yellow  and  usually  is  about  one 
third  the  length  of  the  scale,  while  in  the  San  Jose  scale  the  male  scale 
is  nearly  black  and  resembles  the  female  scale  in  shape. 

The  female  scale  is  circular,  dark  ash-gray  in  color,  with  the  margin 
lighter,  varying  in  color  to  nearly  white.  The  exuviae  are  nearly  cen- 
tral, dark  brown,  naked  and  glossy. 

This  species  is  subject  to  the  attack  of  several  species  of  Coccinellids 
(ladybirds),  which  serve  as  a  partial  check  to  its  increase.  In  some 
sections  the  lime,  sulphur,  and  salt  spray  is  used  against  this  species, 
with  good  results. 

A  plate  showing  the  characters  of  the  last  abdominal  segment,  made 
from  specimens  collected  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  will  be  found  on  opposite 
page. 

Aspidiotus  seseuli  Johns. 

Scale  of  Female. — Circular,  rather  convex;  diameter  1.5  to  3  mm.; 
color,  dirty  gray,  conforming  to  color  of  bark;  exuviae  a  little  to  one 
side  of  center,  and  covered  with  excretion.  In  rubbed  specimens  the 
protuberance  indicating  the  position  of  the  exuviae  is  orange-red  and 
surrounded  by  a  band  a  little  darker  in  color  than  the  rest  of  the 
scale;  ventral  scale  delicate  white,  adheres  to  the  bark. 

Scale  of  Male.  —Elongate  oval;  1  to  2  mm.  long  and  half  as  wide; 
darker  than  the  female.  Larval  scale  marked  by  a  nipple-like  promi- 
nence between  the  center  and  the  anterior  margin;  this  is  usually  cov- 
ered with  a  slight  excretion,  but  when  rubbed  it  is  orange-red.  Ventral 
scale  white,  slightly  thicker  than  that  of  female. 

Mature  Male. — Yellowish;  eyes  and  antennae  prominent;  body  stout; 
legs  long,  lighter  yellow  than  rest  of  body;  wings  large;  thoracic  shield 
with  band  distinct  and  with  margins  indistinct  in  some  specimens. 
Length,  .60  mm.;  style,  .39  mm. 

Mature  Female. — Ovate,  rather  plump;  yellow,  last  segment  a  little 
darker  yellow.  Four  groups  of  spinnerets,  number  in  each  group  ex- 
tremely variable;  anterior  laterals,  5-17,  average  10;  posterior  laterals, 
4-11,  average  7;  number  variable  on  opposite  sides  of  same  individual; 
one  pair  of  lobes,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  notched  on  lateral  margin 
near  the  tip.  Plates  simple  and  inconspicuous,  one  usually  just  laterad 
of  the  lobe  and  two  between  the  second  and  third  spines.  Spines  prom- 


THE  COCCID^:  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


PLATE  VI. 


V.  T.  P.,del. 


DETAILS  OF  CALIFORNIA  COCCID^E. 


54 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 


inent,  usually  one  pair  to  each  segment,  a  rather  deep  incision  just 
laterad  of  the  lobe;  anal  opening  about  twice  as  distant  from  the  base 
of  the  lobes  as  the  lobes  are  long;  spinnerets  grouped  about  curious 
club-shaped  organs. 

On  bacillus  calif ornicn. 


Aspidiotus  hederse  Vail. 

(Oleander  and  Lemon  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — Flat,  lightish  or  light   gray   in    color,    and    with 
exuvise  central  or  nearly  so;  exuviae  dull  orange-yellow;  the  first  skin 

usually  showing  the  segmentation 
distinctly,  the  second  skin  more  or 
less  covered  with  secretion,  often 
appearing  only  as  an  orange-colored 
circle  surrounding  the  first  skin. 
Ventral  scale  a  mere  film  applied 
to  bark  of  plants.  Diameter  of 
fully  formed  scale,  2  mm. 

Female. — Body  of  adult  nearly 
circular,  with  abdominal  segments 
forming  a  pointed  projection;  light 
yellow  in  color,  mottled  with  darker 
yellow;  the  last  segment  presents 
the  following  characters:  The  ante- 
rior lateral  group  of  spinnerets  con- 
sists of  about  9,  and  the  posterior 
laterals  of  about  7.  There  are  three 
pairs  of  lobes;  the  first  and  second 
are  well  developed,  the  third  quite 
small.  The  plates  are  well  devel- 
oped; they  are  long  and  usually 
fringed;  there  are  two  small  ones 
between  the  median  lobes;  those  of 
each  side  are  as  follows:  Two  be- 
tween the  first  and  second  lobes; 
three  between  second  and  third 
lobes;  and  usually  seven  laterad  of 
the  third  lobe,  of  which  usually 
four  are  fringed  and  three  simple. 
The  number  of  the  last-named  group  varies  from  four  to  nine.  There 
is  on  each  surface  of  the  segment  a  spine  accompanying  each  lobe;  one 
between  the  fourth  and  fifth  plates  laterad  of  third  lobe,  and  one  at 


FIG.  26.  Aspidiotus  hederx  (Oleander  Scale). 
On  branch  of  oleander,  showing  leaves 
thickly  infested. 


THE  COCCID.E  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


PLATE  VII. 


ds  p  j  a  i  oTus 
pevn\a\oS 


('.  T.  P.,  del. 


DETAILS  OF  CALIFORNIA  COCCIDJi. 


56  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OP    HORTICULTURE. 

about  one  third  the  distance  from  this  spine  to  the  penultimate  seg- 
ments. In  each  case  the  spine  on  the  ventral  surface  is  a  little  laterad 
of  the  one  on  the  dorsal  surface. 

Eggs. — Very  light  yellow  in  color. 

Scale  of  Male. — The  scale  of  the  male  is  slightly  elongated,  with  the 
larval  skin  nearly  central;  it  is  snowy  white,  with  the  larval  skin  light 
yellow.  Longest  diameter,  1  mm. 

Male. — Yellow,  mottled  with  reddish  brown;  central  part  of  thoracic 
band  reddish. 

On  oleander,  magnolia,  ivy,  palms,  etc. ;  also  on  lemons. 

This  is  another  of  the  common  species  of  the  State,  having  quite  a 
range  of  host  plants.  It  does  not  confine  its  attack  to  plants  in  the 
greenhouses,  but  is  met  with  in  many  places  in  the  open.  It  also 
attacks  the  lemon,  usually  infesting  the  fruit  only;  in  such  cases  all  the 
fruit  on  the  tree  is  removed,  either  fumigated  or  destroyed,  and  the  pest 
usually  controlled. 

Aspidiotus  juglans-regiae  Comst. 
(English  Walnut  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Ft  male. — Circular,  flat,  with  the  exuviae  laterad  of  the  center: 
it  is  of  a  pale  grayish  brown  color;  the  exuviae  are  covered  with  secre- 
tion; the  position  of  the  first  skin  is  indicated  by  a  prominence  which 
is  pink  or  reddish  brown.  The  ventral  scale  is  a  mere  film  which 
adheres  to  the  bark.  Diameter  of  scale,  3  mm. 

Female. — The  color  of  the  female  when  fully  grown  is  pale  yellow, 
with  irregular  orange-colored  spots;  oral  setae  and  last  segment  dark 
yellow.  This  segment  presents  the  following  characters:  There  are 
either  four  or  five  groups  of  spinnerets;  the  anterior  group  is  wanting 
or  consists  of  from  1  to  4  spinnerets;  the  anterior  laterals  consist  of 
from  7  to  16,  and  the  posterior  laterals  of  from  4  to  8. 

There  are  two  or  three  pairs  of  lobes.  The  median  lobes  are  well 
developed,  but  vary  in  outline;  the  second  lobe  of  each  side  is  less  than 
one  half  as  large  as  the  median  lobes,  elongated,  and  with  one  or  two 
notches  on  the  lateral  margin;  the  third  lobe  is  still  smaller  and 
pointed,  or  is  obsolete. 

There  are  two  pairs  of  incisions  of  the  margin,  one  between  the  first 
and  second  lobes  of  each  side,  and  .one  between  the  second  and  third 
lobes.  They  are  small,  but  are  rendered  conspicuous  by  the  thicken- 
ings of  the  body  wall  bounding  them. 

The  plates  are  simple,  inconspicuous,  and  resemble  the  spines  in 
form.  The  larger  ones  are  situated  one  caudad  of  each  incision. 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  57 

The  spines  are  prominent,  especially  those  laterad  of  the  second  and 
third  lobes;  the  fourth  spines,  are  a  little  nearer  the  first  lobes  than  the 
penultimate  segment;  and  the  fifth  are  near  the  penultimate  segment; 
there  is  also  a  spine  at  or  near  the  union  of  the  last  two  segments. 

Scale  of  Male. — The  scale  of  the  male  resembles  that  of  the  female  in 
color;  it  is  elongated,  with  the  larval  skin  near  the  anterior  end;  this 
skin  is  covered  by  excretion,  but  its  position  is  marked  by  a  rose- 
colored  prominence,  as  in  the  scale  of  the  female;  the  anterior  part  of 
the  scale  is  much  more  convex  than  the  posterior  prolongation,  which 
is  flattened.  There  is  a  rudimentary  ventral  scale  in  the  form  of  two 
narrow  longitudinal  plates,  one  on  each  side  of  the  lower  surface  of  the 
scale.  Length,  1.25  mm. 

On  English  walnut,  infesting  the  larger  limbs,  usually  on  the  under 
side. 

Aspidiotus  pernieiosus  Comst. 
(San  Jose  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female, — Circular,  slightly  convex,  1  to  2  mm.  in  diameter; 
gray  or  dark  gray,  except  the  prominent,  covered,  pale  or  reddish  yellow 
exuviae.  The  exuviae  are  nipple-like,  with  a  shal- 
low, depressed  ring  about  them,  which  is  quite  char- 
acteristic of  this  species. 

Scale  of  Male. — Black  in  color,  rather  convex, 
with  the  nipple-like  prominence  and  depressed  ring 
still  more  noticeable  than  in  the  female. 


Female. — Two  pairs  of  lobes  well  developed.  Me- 
dian lobes  prominent,  rounded  at  the  apex,  notched 
on  the  outer  margin  near  the  middle,  though  some- 
what variable  and  converging.  The  thickened  inner 
margins  of  the  median  lobes  extend  anteriorly, 
encircling  the  anal  orifice  in  a  characteristic  man- 
ner. The  second  lobes  are  smaller  and  narrower,  FIG  27  ^i(UotU8 
though  distinct,  quite  close  to  the  median,  notched  pemidosus  (San 

on  the  outer  margin,  pointed  and  converging.  Be- 
tween the  median  lobes  and  bounding  each  incision  of  the  segment  are 
club-shaped,  chitinous  processes;  the  inner  usually  the  larger.  There 
are  two  conspicuous  plates  between  the  median  lobes,  two  caudad  of 
the  first  incision,  and  three  small,  laterally  serrate  ones  caudad  of  the 
second  incision.  Often  laterad  of  second  incision  are  wide,  furcated 
extensions  of  the  margin  of  the  segment.  The  spines  of  the  ventral 
surface  are  situated  laterad  of  the  corresponding  dorsal  spines  at  the 
bases  of  the  first  and  second  lobes;  the  third  pair  laterad  of  second 
5-c 


58  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

incision;  the  fourth  pair  at  one  half  the  distance  to  penultimate  seg- 
ment. Groups  of  circumgenital  gland-orifices  are  absent.  Rows  of 
dorsal  spines  are  not  prominent,  though  variable. 

On  apple,  pear,  peach,  quince,  apricot,  plum,  hawthorn,  rose,  currant, 
raspberry,  etc. 

This  scale  is  known  the  world  over  as  the  San  Jose  scale,  yet  it  is  a 
fact  that  it  is  very  scarce  at  San  Jose  or  in  the  district  surrounding  that 
city.  At  one  time  this  species  was  extremely  troublesome  in  California, 
but  the  internal  parasite  Aphelinus  fuscipennis  has  done  such  excellent 
work  that  it  is  not  a  pest  in  California  any  more.  We  also  have  several 
species  of  Coccinellids  (ladybirds)  that  prey  upon  it  and  have  mate- 
rially assisted  in  the  work  of  controlling  this  once  serious  pest. 

Aspidiotus  rapax  Comst. 
(Greedy  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — Very  convex,  gray,  almost  white,  translucent,  ap- 
pearing yellow  because  of  insect  beneath;  the  sub-central  exuviae 
marked  by  a  brown  or  black  dot  and  a  concentric  ring.  Ventral  scale 
snow-white  and  usually  entire. 

Scale  of  Male. — Similar  to  scale  of  female;  scarcely 
so  convex,,  with  exuviae  sublateral. 

Female.— Only  median  lobes  well  developed  and 
prominent,  sharply  notched  on  either  side,  the  mesal 
notch  near  the  apex.  Second  and  third  lobes  are 
represented  by  small,  pointed  projections  on  the 
margin.  A  deep  incision  laterad  of  the  median 
and  second  lobes,  bounded  by  subequal  chitinous 
processes.  Two  irregular  toothed  or  branched  plates 
caudad  of  each  incision,  with  a  simple  one  between 
them  and  two  or  three  simple  or  furcated  ones 
(Greedy  Scale.)  laterad  of  the  third  lobe.  On  each  surface,  spines 

are  located  at  the  lateral  basis  of  each  lobe;  the  fourth  spine  at  about 
two  thirds  of  the  distance  to  the  penultimate  segment.  The  ventral 
fourth  spine  is  slightly  laterad  of  the  corresponding  dorsal  spine. 
Groups  of  circumgenital  gland-orifices  absent.  Dorsal  pores  in  two  or 
three  irregular  rows;  the  second  of  about  six;  the  third  of  about  four. 
The  anal  orifice  is  very  large. 

On  willow,  holly,  ivy,  acacia,  orange,  pittosporum,  camellia,  palms,  etc. 

This  species  is  commonly  known  as  the  greedy  scale,  and  it  is  well 

named,  as  it  certainly  seems  to  have  no  choice  as  to  host  plant,  but 

thrives  on  almost  any  one  of  our  shrubs.     An  internal  parasite  is  par- 


THE  COCCIDvE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


PLATE  VIII. 


C.  T.  P.,  del. 


DETAILS  OF  CALIFORNIA  COCCID^E. 


60  CALIFORNIA    STATE     COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

tially  effective  against  it  in  this  State,  but  does  not  do  good  enough  work 
to  be  of  much  use.  This  species  is  distributed  all  over  the  State,  and 
while  it  is  troublesome  to  individuals,  yet  it  has  not  attacked  any  of 
our  commercial  trees  or  plants  extensively  enough  to  be  really  con- 
sidered of  much  economic  importance. 


Pseudaonidia  duplex  Ckll. 

Scale  of  Female. — The  female  scale  is  about  2f  mm.  in  diameter,  sub- 
circular,  moderately  convex,  dark  blackish  brown,  with  the  large  round 
exuviae  nearly  to  one  side,  and  orange  in  color.  When  upon  the  stems 
and  larger  twigs  of  the  camellia  the  scale  has  the  same  brown  color  of 
the  bark  and  is  easily  overlooked.  When  removed  the  scale  'leaves  a 
white  patch  on  the  branch. 

Female. — Pale  orange,  broadly  oval  or  subcircular,  with  the  large 
cephalic  portion  separated  from  the  rest  by  a  deep  suture.  Mouth  parts 
large;  skin  on  dorsum  very  strongly,  transversely  grooved,  the  grooves 
linear,  often  anastomosing.  Four  groups  of  ventral  glands  in  the  usual 
situation;  caudo-laterals  of  28  to  30,  cephalo-laterals  of  42;  median  group 
represented  by  two  orifices,  not  very  close  to  each  other.  Besides  these 
groups  there  is  a  group  of  17  to  22  orifices,  quite  similar  in  character, 
on  each  side  of  the  mouth  parts;  these  groups  are  oval  in  outline.  The 
anus  is  about  on  a  level  with  the  anterior  ends  of  the  caudo-lateral 
groups.  There  are  four  (two  on  each  side)  long  tubes  or  ducts  originating 
about  the  region  between  the  caudo-lateral  groups  and  the  anus,  and 
passing  hindward,  practically  parallel,  to  the  end  of  the  body.  On 
the  dorsal  surfaces  the  segments  are  marked  by  rows  of  oval  pores. 
The  pygidium  shows  on  the  dorsal  surface  a  very  distinct  lattice-work, 
as  in  A.  these  and  Ischnaspis  jiliformis.  Median  lobes  very  large,  brown, 
rounded  at  the  ends,  but  notched  on  each  side  so  as  to  be  trilobed;  the 
lateral  lobes  very  small  and  passing  into  the  straight  parallel  sides. 
The  median  lobes  are  very  close  together,  but  distinctly  separated,  not 
touching,  not  diverging.  There  are  three  other  pairs  of  lobes,  small, 
narrow,  rounded  at  ends,  very  inconspicuous  and  easily  overlooked 
among  the  scale-like  plates.  Plates  not  extending  beyond  lobes,  scale- 
like,  not  separately  distinguishable,  but  forming  a  continuous  fringe, 
which  rapidly  narrows  beyond  the  fourth  lobe,  and  ceases  before  the 
deep  notch  which  indicates  another  segment.  Margin  cephalad  of 
fourth  lobe  distinctly  serrate,  serrations  coarse. 

On  Camellia  japonica  (in  greenhouses). 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


61 


Chrysomphalus  aonidum  Linn. 

(Florida  Red  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — Circular,  moderately  convex,  smooth;  dark  oliva- 
ceous brown  or  reddish  brown,  paler  at  margin.  Pellicles  reddish 
yellow,  always  partially  obscured  by  a  layer  of  secretion,  which  is 
reddish  brown  above  the  first,  and  pale  olivaceous  above  the  second 
pellicle.  In  the  center  of  circular  raised  disk  is  usually  exposed,  the 
secretionary  covering  being  here  worn  off.  In  young  specimens  the 
center  is  covered  by  a  raised  patch  of  opaque  white  secretion.  The 
first  pellicle  convex  above;  the  second  often  slightly  concave;  the  form 


FIG.  29.    Chrysomphalus  aonidum  (Florida  Red  Scale).    On  orange  twig, 
a,  female,  greatly  enlarged. 

may  best  be  observed  from  the  inside  of  the  scale,  where  the  exuviae  are 
more  fully  exposed.     Ventral  scale  obsolete.     Diameter,  1  to  2  mm. 

The  male  puparium  is  dark  brown,  with  pale  gray  margins.     Pellicle 
reddish  fulvous.     Length,  .8  mm. 

Adult  Female. — Yellow,  or  white  mottled  with  yellow.  Body  broadly 
rounded  in  front,  tapering  suddenly  to  a  point  behind.  On  the  margin 
of  the  mesal  thorax  is  a  small  thickened  patch  bearing  a  stout  thorn- 
like  spine.  Pygidium  with  six  prominent  lobes  subequal  in  size,  each 
notched  on  the  lateral  edge.  At  a  short  distance  beyond  the  lobes  the 
lateral  margin  is  thickened  and  projecting,  with  minute  serrations  and 
two  deep  indentations.  Plates  deeply  fringed;  two  in  the  mesal  and 
first  spaces,  three  in  the  second  space,  and  three  beyond  the  third  lobe, 
these  last  being  bifurcate  and  fringed  on  their  lateral  edges.  Circum- 
enital  glands  in  four  groups;  lower  laterals  with  2  to  4,  upper  laterals 


62  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

with  6  to  8  orifices.  A  large  number  of  conspicuous  tubular  spinnerets, 
varying  from  the  filiform  to  the  trumpet-shaped  type,  some  opening  by 
inconspicuous  dorsal  pores  in  two  series  on  each  side,  others  opening  on 
to  the  margin  near  the  extremities.  Anal  aperture  small,  close  to 
extremity;  genital  aperture  between  the  upper  and  lower  groups  of 
glands.  Length,  .8  to  1  mm. 

Adult  Male. — Orange  yellow  in  color,  with  dark  brown  conspicuous 
transverse  band  crossing  the  thorax  in  front  of  the  scutellum. 

Eggs  and  young  larvae  yellow. 
On  palms  (in  greenhouses). 


Chrysomphalus  aurantii  Mask. 
(Red  Scale  of  California.) 

Female. — The  female  is  light  yellow  in  color  in  the  adolescent  stages, 
becoming  brownish  as  it  reaches  maturity.  When  fully  developed  the 
thorax  extends  backward  in  a  large  rounded  lobe  on  each  side,  project- 
ing beyond  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen,  and  giving  the  body  a 
reniform  shape.  The  last  abdominal  segment  presents  the  following 
characters:  Three  pairs  of  well-developed  lobes,  the  first  pair  abruptly 
narrowed  at  about  half  their  length;  the  notch  on  the  mesal  margin  is 
often  nearer  the  distal  end  of  the  lobe  than  that  of  the  lateral  margin. 
The  lobes  of  the  second  and  third  pair  are  abruptly  narrowed  at  half 
their  length  on  the  lateral  margin,  and  often  bear  a  notch  on  the 
median  margin  near  the  distal  end.  Laterad  of  the  most  lateral  plate 
is  a  triangular  lobe  on  the  margin  of  the  segment,  which  is  separate. 

The  plates  are  deeply  fringed;  those  between  the  first  pair  of  lobes  on 
their  distal  margins,  the  others  on  their  lateral  margins.  They  are  all 
well  developed,  exceeding  the  lobes  in  length,  and  are  situated  as  fol- 
lows: Two  between  the  first  pair  of  lobes,  two  between  the  first  and 
second  lobes  of  each  side,  two  between  the  second  and  third  lobes,  and 
three  between  the  third  lobe  and  the  lobe  on  the  margin  of  the  body. 
The  first  plate  laterad  of  the  second  lobe  and  the  three  plates  laterad 
of  the  third  lobe  are  each  deeply  bifurcated,  and  each  bifurcation  is 
fringed  on  the  lateral  margin. 

On  the  ventral  surface  there  is  a  spine  near  the  base  of  the  lateral 
margin  of  each  of  the  four  lobes  except  the  first;  there  are  also  about 
three  small  slender  spines  on  the  margin  of  the  body  near  the  penulti- 
mate segment.  On  the  dorsal  surface  there  is  a  spine  with  each  lobe. 
The  first  spine  is  very  slender  and  inconspicuous,  but  as  long  as  the 
lobe;  it  is  situated  at  the  base  of  the  lateral  margin  of  the  lobe  in  such 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA.  63 

a  manner  that  it  can  be  moved  either  above  or  below  the  lobe.  Each 
of  the  other  spines  is  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  base  of  the  lobe  it 
accompanies.  Female  viviparous. 

Scale  nf  Male. — The  scale  of  the  male  resembles  that  of  the  female, 
excepting  that  it  is  only  one  fourth  as  large;    the  posterior  side  is  pro- 


FIG.  30.    Chrysomphalus  aurantii  (Red  Scale),    a,  male;  6,  female  scale,  greatly  enlarged; 
c,  male  scale,  greatly  enlarged. 

longed  into  a  flap,  which  is  quite  thin ;   and  the  part  which  covers  the 
larval  skin  is  often  lighter  than  the  remainder  of  the  scale. 

Male. — The  male  is  light  yellow,  winged,  with  the  thoracic  band 
brown,  and  the  eyes  purplish  black. 

On  orange,  lemon,  grape-fruit,  sago  palms,  rose  and  various  palms. 

While  this  species  is  called  the  "Red  Scale  of  California,"  it  is  an 
introduced  species.  It  is  also  a  very  serious  pest  in  other  countries, 
having  been  reported  from  Australia,  China,  Japan,  New  Zealand, 
Samoa,  Fiji,  Hawaiian  Islands,  West  Indies,  and  many  other  countries, 
as  well  as  several  states  in  our  own  country.  In  California  it  is  mostly 
confined  to  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  where  it  is  well  known  to 
our  citrus-growers.  By  strict  quarantine,  fumigation,  and  the  use  of 
various  sprays  it  has  been  practically  held  in  subjection  in  some  of  the 
counties,  while  in  others  it  has  been  allowed  to  gain  quite  a  foothold. 


64 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 


While  Australia  has  been  credited  as  the  home  of  this  pest,  later  inves- 
tigations seem  to  show  China  to  be  the  real  home. 


Chrysomphalus  aurantii  citrinus  Coq. 
(Yellow  Scale  of  the  Orange.) 

This  species  differs  but  slightly  from  C.  aurantii,  but  in  its  habits 
and  color  there  is  a  very  marked  difference.  The  female  scale  is  circular, 
with  the  exuvise  slightly  to  one  side;  the  scale  is  not  as  convex;  the 


FIG.  31.    Chrysomphalus  aurantii  citrinus  (Yellow  Scale).    On  orange  leaf. 
Female,  greatly  enlarged. 

margins  are  wider  and  a  light  gray.  The  body  is  a  pale  yellow;  the 
ventral  scale  is  light  colored  and  remains  attached  to  the  upper  one, 
making  it  difficult  to  remove  the  insect  from  the  scale. 

A  curious  fact  about  this  insect  is  that  it  seldom  attacks  the  wood, 
even  when  the  foliage  and  fruit  are  covered  with  them.  On  this  account 
the  fruit-grower  can  readily  determine  between  it  and  aurantiiy  as  the 
latter  infests  the  young  shoots  and  even  the  large  branches. 

On  orange  and  lemon. 

This  scale  was  introduced  into  this  State  in  1872  and  for  a  number 
of  years  proved  to  be  very  destructive.  It  is  now  held  in  almost  com- 
plete subjection  by  its  natural  enemy,  Aspidiotophagus  citrinus  Craw,  a 
minute  chalcid  fly  introduced  from  Japan. 


THE  COCCIDAE  OP  CALIFORNIA.  65 

Lepidosaphes  beckii  Newm. 
(Purple  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — The  scale  of  the  female  is  long,  more  or  less  curved, 
and  widened  posteriorly.  It  is  brown,  with  the  exuviae  of  the  same 
color  and  with  a  delicate  margin.  The  ventral  scale  is  well  developed; 
it  is  white,  and  consists  of  a  single  piece  which  is  slightly  attached  at 


FIG.  32.    Lepidosaphes  beckii  (Purple  Scale).    On  orange  branch. 

its  sides  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  scale,  and  is  more  or  less  incomplete 
posteriorly.     Length  of  scale,  3  mm. 

Female. — The  female  is  yellowish  white.  The  characters  of  the  last 
segment  are  as  follows:  The  anterior  group  of  spinnerets  consists  of 
about  6;  the  anterior  laterals  of  about  18,  and  the  posterior  laterals  of 
about  9.  » 

The  median  lobes  are  well  developed,  with  the  margins  crenate;  the 
second  lobe  deeply  incised,  with  the  margins  of  the  lobules  either  entire 


66  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

or  crenate;  the  third  lobe  is  quite  inconspicuous,  projecting  but  little 
beyond  the  body  wall,  the  margin  crenate  and  one  large  notch  in  the 
center  of  the  lobe. 

The  plates  are  long,  simple,  and  tapering.  There  are  two  of  them  in 
each  of  the  following  places:  between  median  lobes;  between  first  and 
second  lobes;  between  second  and  third  lobes;  laterad  of  third  lobe; 
and  about  midway  between  this  lobe  and  the  penultimate  segment. 

There  is  an  elongated  pore  between  first  and  second  lobes;  two 
laterad  of  each  of  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  plates;  and  one  laterad 
of  the  fifth  pair  of  plates.  The  penultimate  segment  bears  at  least  four 
plates  upon  each  lateral  margin. 

The  spines  upon  the  dorsal  surface  are  long,  and  are  situated  as 
follows:  one  at  the  base  of  each  margin  of  the  first  lobe;  one  dorsad  of 
incision  of  second  lobe;  one  dorsad  of  the  notch  of  third  lobe;  and  one 
about  midway  between  the  fourth  and  fifth  pairs  of  plates.  Those  of 
the  ventral  surface  are  as  follows:  cephalad  of  the  bases  of  the  first 
pair  of  plates  are  two  small  spots  which  resemble  the  bases  of  spines, 
and  are  doubtless  the  homologues  of  the  first  pair;  the  second  spine  of 
each  side  is  near  the  base  of  the  lateral  half  of  the  first  lobe;  third 
spine  laterad  of  lateral  lobule  of  second  lobe,  and  fourth  and  fifth 
spines  between  the  members  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  pairs  of  plates 
respectively. 

Eggs  — The  eggs  are  white,  and  are  arranged  irregularly  under  the 
scale. 

Scale  of  Male. — The  scale  of  the  male  is  usually  straight,  or  nearly 
so;  the  same  color  as  that  of  the  female,  or  in  some  specimens  varying 
to  a  very  dark  brown,  almost  black,  the  larval  skin  light  yellow.  At 
about  one  fourth  of  length  of  the  scale  from  the  posterior  extremity, 
the  scale  is  thin,  forming  a  hinge,  which  allows  the  posterior  part  of  it 
to  be  lifted  by  the  male  as  he  emerges.  Length,  1.5  mm. 

On  orange,  lemon,  grape-fruit,  sago  palms. 

This  species  is  well  known  to  many  of  our  citrus-growers,  and  is 
commonly  known  as  the  purple  scale.  It  was  introduced  from  Florida 
on  orange  stock,  and  is  to-day  one  of  the  most  serious  pests  we  have  in 
the  State.  By  strict  quarantine  it  has  been  practically  confined  to 
certain  districts,  and  with  the  use  of  insecticides  and  fumigation  its 
spread  has  been  checked.  At  the  Insectary  we  are  now  working  on 
material  from  which  we  hope  to  get  its  natural  insect  enemy,  and  if 
successful,  our  past  experience  in  this  line  gives  us  the  hope  that  at  last 
we  may  be  able  to  successfully  control  this  pest. 


THE  COCCID^  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


PLATE  IX. 


a,  rostral  setae ;  6,  female  larva ;  c,  antennae ; 
d,  fore  leg;  e,  middle  leg;  /,  hind  leg. 


C.  T.  P.,  del. 


DETAILS  OF  CALIFORNIA  COCCID^. 


68  CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 

Lepidosaphes  erawii  Ckll. 

Scale  of  Female. — The  female  scale  is  narrow,  measures  2^  mm.  long 
and  i  mm.  wide;  pale  orange  yellow;  exuviae  concolorous. 

Adult  Female. — Yellow;  four  groups  of  ventral  glands,  caudo-laterals 
of  3,  cephalo-laterals  of  4  in  a  row.  Median  lobes  very  large,  roundish  at 
the  ends,  their  edges  finely  serrate.  They  are  closely  adjacent  at  a  point 
at  the  base,  being  separated,  however,  by  a  pair  of  small  spine-like 
plates;  thence  they  diverge  at  nearly  a  right  angle  to  their  rounded 
ends;  thence  rapidly  sloping,  the  outward  slope  longer  than  the  inner, 
and  diverging  from  it  at  an  angle  of  about  80  degrees.  Next  to  the 
outer  side  of  each  median  lobe  is  a  small  spine-like  plate,  then  a  sac-like 
incision,  then  the  small  second  lobe,  shaped  much  like  the  last  joint  of 
a  finger,  and  in  bulk  hardly  one  tenth  of  a  median  lobe.  Following 
this  is  a  small  sac-like  incision,  then  a  pointed  projection,  then  two 
succular  incisions,  then  after  a  short  interval  a  spine-like  plate,  then 
another  sac-like  incision,  then  a  long  interval  of  smooth  margin,  then 
another  sac,  then  another  interval,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  a  small 
spine.  Below  the  sac-like  incisions  are  transversely  elongate  pores. 

The  scale  is  extremely  inconspicuous,  as  it  lives  beneath  the  epi- 
dermis, on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  along  the  mid-rib.  By  this  habit, 
and  the  large  median  lobes,  it  will  be  readily  distinguished  from 
M.  grandilobus  Maskell,  which  has  the  large  median  lobes;  it  is  known, 
too,  by  the  entirely  different  color  of  the  scale,  etc.  Several  of  the  speci- 
mens were  parasitized. 

On  the  under  side  of  the  leaf  beneath  the  epidermis  of  Quercus  cuspi- 
datus. 

This  species  represents  one  of  the  smallest  members  of  this  destructive 
family.  Its  mining  habits  and  size  make  it  extremely  difficult  to  detect. 

Lepidosaphes  ulmi  Linn. 
(Oyster-shell  Scale.) 

Scale  of  the  Female. — Mussel  shaped,  more  or  less  curved,  of  a  pur- 
plish-brown color,  with  the  exuviae  yellowish.  Length,  one  sixteenth 
of  an  inch. 

Adult  Female. — The  body  is  light  yellow.  The  last  segment  presents 
the  following  characteristics:  The  anterior  group  of  spinnerets  consists 
of  from  11  to  17;  the  anterior  laterals  and  posterior  laterals  each  of 
16  to  21.  The  median  lobes  are.  large  and  wide,  with  the  sides  parallel; 
they  are  only  about  three  fourths  as  long  as  broad.  Each  lobe  is  nar- 
rowed on  each  side  near  the  distal  extremity  by  one  or  two  notches, 
and  then  rounded.  The  second  lobe  of  each  side  is  about  as  wide  as 


THE   COCCIDAE   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


69 


the  first,  and  is  deeply  incised;  mesal  lobule  with  mesal  margin  as  long 
as  lateral  margin  of  the  first  lobe,  and  rounded  posteriorly;  lateral 
lobule  about  half  the  length  and  width  of  mesal  lobule,  and  similar 
in  shape.  Third  lobule  obsolete.  The  plates  are  long,  simple,  and 
tapering. 

Eggs. — These  are  white,  and  are  arranged  irregularly  under  the  scale. 

Scale  of  Male. — The  scale  of  the  male  of  this  species  is  usually 
straight  and  of  the  same  color  as  that  of  the  female.  At  about  one  quar- 
ter of  the  length  of 
the  scale  from  the 
posterior  extrem- 
ity, the  scale  is 
thin,  forming  a 
hinge  which  allows 
the  posterior  part 
of  it  to  be  lifted 
by  the  male  as  he 
emerges.  Length, 
.06  of  an  inch. 

The     male 
translucent, 


FIG.  33.  Lepidosaphes  ulmi  (Oyster-shell  Scale).  1,  egg;  2,  young 
insect  (larva) ;  3,  appearance  of  secretion  as  it  hardens  and  forms 
shell  over  insect ;  4,  immature  scale ;  5  and  6,  appearance  of 
insect  after  casting  skin,  limbs,  and  other  appendages;  7,  dorsal 
view  of  insect  at  maturity ;  8,  antennae.  (All  greatly  enlarged.) 


IS 

cor- 
neous gray,  with  a 
dorsal  transverse 

band  on  each  joint,  and  the  portions  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax 
darker,  or  purplish  gray,  with  the  members  somewhat  lighter. 

According  to  climate  and  locality  the  young  scale  hatch  from  the 
middle  of  March  to  June.  Color,  yellow.  They  begin  to  form  the  cot- 
tony excretion  after  twenty-four  hours,  and  in  from  two  to  four  days  the 
insect  is  completely  covered  with  a  dense  excretion,  which  increases  as 
the  larva  grows. 

On  apple,  pear,  plum,  hawthorn. 

In  several  of  the  older  apple  orchards  of  the  State  this  species  can 
be  found  in  limited  numbers,  also  in  the  grounds  of  private  residences 
where  the  trees  are  neglected.  An  internal  parasite  and  predaceous 
insects  prey  on  this  species,  causing  a  partial  check  to  its  increase. 


Parlatoria  pergandii  Comst. 
(Chaff  Scale.) 

Scale  of  Female. — Circular  to  elongated,  irregular,  dirty  gray,  1.6  mm. 
in  length:  exuvise  marginal,  brown,  the  first  naked  and  the  second 
covered  by  a  thin  skin  of  secretion,  occupying  nearly  one  third  of  length 
of  scale. 


70 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    COMMISSION    OF    HORTICULTURE. 


Scale  of  Male. — Long  and  narrow,  lateral  margins  prominent,,  not 
carinated,  light  gray  with  terminal  exuviae  darker. 

Female. — Three  pairs  of  well-developed  lobes,  nearly  equal  in  size, 
broadest  near  the  middle,  tapering  anteriorly,  notched  deeply  on  each 
side  of  the  apex. .  A  rudimentary  fourth  lobe,  produced  into  a  papilla, 
halfway  between  third  and  penultimate  segment.  A  crescent-shaped 
thickening  of  the  body  wall  appears  between  the 
median  lobes,  between  median  and  second,  second 
and  third,  and  two  thickenings  between  third  and 
fourth  lobes  and  penultimate  segment.  The  plates 
are  as  long  as  the  lobes,  and  fringed  on  the  distal 
margins;  two  between  median  lobes,  two  between 
median  and  second,  three  between  second  and  third, 
three  between  third  and  fourth,  and  three  pal- 
mate plates  cephalad  of  fourth  lobe.  On  the  three 
segments  preceding  the  last  are  five  or  six  plates, 
each  produced  into  a  papilla.  A  spine  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  each 
lobe  near  the  margin;  on  the  ventral  surface  the  spines  are  situated 
laterad  of  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  lobes  respectively.  Four  groups 
of  circumgenital  gland-orifices,  each  of  about  7,  but  varying  from  5  to  10. 

On  orange.     (On  palms  in  greenhouse.) 

This  is  a  very  difficult  scale  to  detect  on  the  orange,  being  so  near  the 
same  color  as  the  bark.  In  California  this  scale  has  not  gained  a  foot- 
hold, being  known  in  the  open  in  only  two  districts.  The  author  once 
found  in  a  new  section  thirteen  trees  that  were  badly  infested,  and  the 
entire  infestation  was  on  the  trunk  and  lower  branches  up  to  the  main 
fork  of  the  tree.  This  scale  seems  to  prefer  the  lower  branches  and 
trunk  and  requires  close  inspection  to  detect  its  presence. 


a 

FIG.  34.  Parlatoria  per- 
gand-ii  (Chaff  Scale), 
a,  female,  much  en- 
larged; b,  male,  also 
enlarged. 


